33 Notes

Chapter 1 Concubine to an Emperor (1835–56)

1 ‘the woman of the Nala family': First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 4, no. 164; Wang Daocheng 1984, p. 213; Yu Bingkun et al., p. 56; footnote: Professor Wang argued convincingly that Lan was not Cixi's maiden name: Wang Daocheng 1984, pp. 216–18. Also: Yehenala Genzheng & Hao Xiaohui 2007, p. 13

2 Cixi's family: Wang Daocheng 1984, pp. 195–208; Huizheng: Yu Bingkun et al., pp. 7–43

3 Manchu translated into Chinese: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 1, p. 148; Jin Liang 1998, p. 161; Daoguang against extravagance: Xin Xiuming, p. 1; Forbidden City Publishing House (ed.), p. 39; the state coffer incident: Yu Bingkun et al., pp. 13–31; Yehenala Genzheng & Hao Xiaohui 2007, pp. 17–18

4 ‘Limping Dragon': Xin Xiuming, p. 2; consort selection: Wang Daocheng 1984; Yu Bingkun et al.; Shan Shiyuan 1990, pp. 1–23; Wang Shuqing, 1980, no. 1; Li Guorong, pp. 216–19; Maugham mused: Maugham, p. 2

5 ‘After ten hours': Freeman-Mitford, pp. 151–2

6 ‘a high nose': Carl, p. 19

7 ‘I don't know why': Xin Xiuming, p. 14

8 For food: Wang Shuqing, 1983, no. 3; Wang Daocheng 1984; Xianfeng sex life: Wang Daocheng 1984, p. 196; Mao Haijian 2006, p. 148; cf. Forbidden City Publishing (ed.), pp. 22–3; Li Guorong, pp. 260–1; Tang Yinian, pp. 23–4; footnote: Jin Liang 1933, p. 27

9 Xianfeng wept: Mao Haijian 2006, p. 75

10 Imperial Apology: Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 9, p. 69; silver reserve etc.: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979, vol. 1, pp. 1–80; Mao Haijian 2006, p. 106; admonitions: Palace Museum (ed.) 2002, vol. 10, p. 276; her father: Yu Bingkun et al., pp. 14–22

11 ‘crafty': Woqiu Zhongzi, p. 2; ‘exterminated': Yun Yuding, vol. 2, p. 782; Empress Zhen mediated: Xue Fucheng 1983, p. 25; ‘Younger Sister': Xin Xiuming, p. 10; named Yi: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 4, no. 164; Ding Ruqin, p. 229

Chapter 2 From the Opium War to the Burning of the Old Summer Palace (1839–60)

1 palace file: Yu Bingkun et al., pp. 63–70

2 second son: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 11, no. 1856; sister marries Prince Chun: Pujia, Pujie et al., p. 209; Headland … noted: Headland, p. 264; cf. Carl, p. 82

3 wet nurse: Yu Bingkun et al., pp. 67–8; Tong Yue and Lü Jihong, pp. 15–16

4 Macartney visit: Macartney's diaries in Helen H. Robbins; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2001, pp. 130–6; Rockhill, p. 31; 1.1 million taels: Li Guorong, p. 338

5 fifty years of good weather: Kangxi to his sons and officials, in Forbidden City Publishing (ed.), p. 239; population explosion: Jiang Tao 1993, pp. 30–4; Li Zhiting, pp. 475–7

6 ‘tell the fishes': Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Opium War, vol. 2, pp. 107–8; Daoguang approved Lin's letter: Qing Government (ed.), Daoguang, pp. 492–504

7 Gladstone speech: Hansard, 8 April 1840; footnote 2: Ridley, p. 259; Hansard, 4 August 1843

8 Wu Tingfang wrote: Wu Tingfang, pp. 246–7

9 Daoguang agony: Qing Government (ed.), Daoguang, pp. 4746, 4807; Palace Museum (ed.) 2002, vol. 9, p. 8; Daoguang writing will: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979, vol. 4, pp. 273–8; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2001, p. 150

10 Qiying denounced, ordered to commit suicide: Mao Haijian 2006, pp. 44–6; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Second Opium War, vol. 3, pp. 449–50

11 ‘I am so awed': First Historical Archives of China & History Department of Fujian Normal University (eds), vol. 1, p. 44; ‘ships of war': Morse, vol. 1, p. 417; ‘pistol at the throat': Morse, vol. 1, p. 573

12 Xianfeng exchanges with officials: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Second Opium War, vols 3 & 4, passim. The English translation of the emperor's endorsement in Parkes Papers 28/10, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge.; Wolseley commented: Wolseley, pp. 16, 57, 92–3, 113.

13 a bounty: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Second Opium War, vol. 5, p. 92; kao-niu: Lin Keguang et al., p. 150; court exchanges over Parkes: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Second Opium War, vol. 5, pp. 64, 67–8, 80, 94–5, 101–3, 111

14 ‘tied their feet': Grant, pp. 133–4; ‘My dearest': Hurd, p. 234; Grant wrote: Grant, p. 203

15 Montauban wrote: Morse, vol. 1, p. 606; ‘Indiscriminate plunder': Wolseley, pp. 224–7; ‘What a terrible scene': Swinhoe, p. 305

16 ‘One room only': Grant, p. 129; ‘Lootie': Royal Archives, Windsor, PPTO/PP/QV/MAIN/1861/7469; Millar, pp. 130–1; French refused: Morse, vol. 1, p. 611; ‘On 18th October': Grant, pp. 204–5

17 ‘ruined nothings': Wolseley, p. 280; Gordon wrote home: Boulger, p. 31; Victor Hugo wrote: UNESCO Courier, November 1985

18 Backhouse forgery: Bland & Backhouse, pp. 14–29; Trevor-Roper; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Second Opium War, vol. 2, pp. 66–9

Chapter 3 Emperor Xianfeng Dies (1860–61)

1 ‘what phrenologists would describe': Thomson, p. 252

2 ‘returned him a proud': Grant, p. 209; ‘Both of the national': Wolseley, p. 295; Elgin friendly letter: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Second Opium War, vol. 5, p. 264; Xianfeng to Prince Gong: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Second Opium War, vol. 5, pp. 225–6, 264; One diarist: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Second Opium War, vol. 2, p. 42; Ignatieff to Gong, Gong to Xianfeng: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Second Opium War, vol. 5, pp. 235, 246, 261; vol. 4, p. 463

3 ‘With this treaty': Ignatieff, pp. 44–5; Xianfeng refused to receive credentials: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Second Opium War, vol. 5, pp. 239, 260–1, 269–70

4 operas in last days: Ding Ruqin, pp. 221–7; Li Guoliang, p. 95; Xianfeng death: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979, vol. 1, pp. 82–3; Anon., p. 13; Wu Xiangxiang, pp. 49–55; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 11, nos 877, 881

Chapter 4 The Coup that Changed China (1861)

1 unnamed ‘others': Wu Xiangxiang, p. 56; emotional row: Anon., p. 13

2 two women plotted: Xue Fucheng 1983, p. 25

3 seals established: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 11, nos 886–91; Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979, vol. 1, p. 85; ‘all is in harmony': Anon., pp. 13–14; ‘If we saw': First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 11, nos 338, 882

4 Allowing Gong to visit: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 1, p. 131; ‘no one had shown': Anon., p. 8; Gong first meeting with Cixi: Xue Fucheng 1983, p. 19; Anon., pp. 8–9

5 ‘one or two': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979, vol. 1, pp. 91–2; Cradling the child emperor: Wu Xiangxiang, p. 62

6 ‘Please could the 7th brother': First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2001, p. 176; Prince Chun as pupil: Lin Keguang et al., p. 441; Pan Xiangmin 2006, no. 2; Chun pleaded with the emperor: Qing Government (ed.),Tongzhi, pp. 5940, 7286; Chun's reply: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2001, p. 176; Li Ciming, p. 539

7 the coup: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979, vol. 1, pp. 96–118; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 1, pp. 143–7; Xue Fucheng 1983, p. 21; Sato, p. 177

8 Sushun hated: Xue Fucheng 1983, pp. 17, 23; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 1, p. 54; vol. 5, p. 2889; Chen Kuilong, p. 96; Aisin-Gioro Puyi, p. 11; no one else incriminated: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 11, no. 1533; Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979, vol. 1, pp. 120, 139; Bruce wrote: Bruce to Earl Russell, 12 November 1861, F.O. 17/356, National Archives, London

9 ‘the Empress Mother': Robertson to the British Foreign Office, 30 November 1861, F.O. 17/360, National Archives, London; ‘I am bowled over': Zeng Guofan, vol. 1, p. 690; had considered making Gong Regent: original letter to Prince Chun, First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 2001, p. 176; Gong title and reaction: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979, vol. 1, pp. 106, 119–21; ‘from now on': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979, vol. 1, p. 123; obliged to declare: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979, vol. 1, p. 137

10 footnote 2: Lin Keguang et al., p. 16

11 close the curtain: Shan Shiyuan 1997, pp. 452–3

Chapter 4 The Coup that Changed China (1861)

1 unnamed ‘others': Wu Xiangxiang, p. 56; emotional row: Anon., p. 13

2 two women plotted: Xue Fucheng 1983, p. 25

4 Allowing Gong to visit: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 1, p. 131; ‘no one had shown': Anon., p. 8; Gong first meeting with Cixi: Xue Fucheng 1983, p. 19; Anon., pp. 8–9

5 ‘one or two': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979, vol. 1, pp. 91–2; Cradling the child emperor: Wu Xiangxiang, p. 62

7 the coup: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979, vol. 1, pp. 96–118; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 1, pp. 143–7; Xue Fucheng 1983, p. 21; Sato, p. 177

10 footnote 2: Lin Keguang et al., p. 16

11 close the curtain: Shan Shiyuan 1997, pp. 452–3

Chapter 6 Virgin Journeys to the West (1861–71)

1 granted no kneeling: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 11, no. 1349; ‘having too high': Wu Xiangxiang, p. 10

2 Grand Adviser title taken away: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 15, nos. 293, 378; ‘to borrow Western methods': Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 2, p. 30; ‘stooges of': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 1, pp. 519, 521

3 Cixi-Woren: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, pp. 4557–616; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 1, pp. 527–44; Weng against the West: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 1, pp. 78, 93, 429; Kong Xiangji 2008, pp. 29–32; Cixi on Hsü: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, pp. 4523–5; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 1, p. 515

4 ‘just like the one': Zhang Deyi, p. 520; Hsü Chi-she, on America; ‘inflating the status': Gu Hongming, p. 54; Cixi appoints Hsü: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, p. 3503; Shan Shiyuan 1990, pp. 68–9; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 2, p. 28; Freeman-Mitford, pp. 181–2; appoints Martin: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, pp. 2701–4

5 Binchun's travels: All quotes in Binchun; Queen Victoria noted: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1866

6 Binchun diaries to Cixi: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, pp. 4443–5

7 Binchun promotion: Hart, Journals, 1863–1866, p. 360; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, p. 684; Weng mentioned him: Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 31; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, p. 684; Gong to Cixi on Burlingame: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, pp. 4899–917

8 The conservatives: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 1, p. 568; ‘Mr Hart's brain': Morse: vol. 2, pp. 188–9; In fact, Hart: Morse: vol. 2, pp. 190, 194, 203; Queen Victoria diary: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1868

9 ‘the citizens of New York': Burlingame speech in Schrecker; in Shore, p. 408–9

10 ‘It affords me': Schrecker

11 ‘it is of utmost importance': Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, p. 6640; Zhigang, p. 361; Zhigang quotes and audience: Zhigang, pp. 244–380

12 Madame Tussaud's commission: 1845 edition of Madame Tussaud's catalogue, in Arthur, p. 11; diaries presented to Cixi: Li Hongzhang, vol. 4, pp. 363–5

13 Cixi told Li not to come: Li Hongzhang, vol. 5, p. 183; ‘Unexpectedly': Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 8, p. 270

Chapter 7 Love Doomed (1869)

1 Emperors against eunuchs: Li Guorong, p. 184

2 ‘indulgence in seeking pleasures': Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 1, p. 1; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, p. 703; ‘depressing' place: Carl, p. 203; Weng comments: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, pp. 705, 711

3 Prince Chun insistent on execution: Xue Fucheng 2004, vol. 1, p. 42; Xue Fucheng 1983, p. 83; ‘Can he be spared': Xue Fucheng 2004, vol. 1, p. 42; ‘must not be allowed': First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 19, no. 526; corpse exposed for days: Woqiu Zhongzi, p. 52; Xue Fucheng 1897; An's belongings: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 19, no. 548; Tang Yinian, p. 153

4 friend of An strangulated: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 19, no. 632; Woqiu Zhongzi, p. 52; Yuan Xieming; ‘taking out her anger': Xue Fucheng 2004, vol. 1, p. 43; women allowed to be seen: Ding Baozhen, vol. 2, pp. 801–2; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 19, no. 631; ‘a boom': Xue Fucheng 1897; Cixi collapsed: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, pp. 721–30

5 operas put on daily: Ding Ruqin, pp. 231–2

Chapter 8 A Vendetta against the West (1869–71)

1 Chun memorandum: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, pp. 5927–41; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, p. 671

2 ‘Even if we do not': Zeng Jize, p. 334; grandees' reaction: Qing Government (ed.),Tongzhi, pp. 5941–50; ‘If it were otherwise': Freeman-Mitford, pp. xii–xiii

3 Isabella Bird observed: Bird, p. 257; ‘swearing that the charge': Freeman-Mitford, pp. xlii–xliii

4 ‘Stories of child eating': Bird, p. 346; 1870 Tianjin riot: Daily communications, including Cixi's detailed instructions, in First Historical Archives of China & History Department of Fujian Normal University (eds), vol. 1, pp. 775ff.; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, pp. 776ff.; Morse, vol. 2, p. 246.

5 ‘deal with them fairly': First Historical Archives of China & History Department of Fujian Normal University (eds), vol. 1, pp. 778–9; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 11, no. 1538

6 Chun held sway: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, pp. 784–5; screen removed: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, p. 784

7 Ma Xinyi: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, p. 793; First Historical Archives of China & History Department of Fujian Normal University (eds), vol. 1, pp. 814–17; ‘excessive executions': Li Hongzhang, vol. 4, p. 76

8 Chun to Cixi: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, pp. 7285–336; Wu Xiangxiang, vol. 1, pp. 121–7; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, p. 824

Chapter 9 Life and Death of Emperor Tongzhi (1861–75)

1 Tongzhi starts schooling: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 11, no. 343; his education and life: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, passim.

2 Cixi–son relationship: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, pp. 839, 849–50, 862, 882, 1068; Yu Bingkun et al., p. 240; Wang Qingqi: Wu Xiangxiang, vol. 1, pp. 218–25; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, pp. 1067, 1073; Gao Shu, p. 156

3 Miss Alute: Xue Fucheng 1983, pp. 26–7

4 the bride's route and procession: Simpson, Chapter XV; Morse, vol. 2, pp. 265–6

5 Foreign legations: Morse, vol. 2, p. 266; the wedding: Zhang Shiyun

6 No. 2 consort: Zhang Shiyun; After the wedding: Xue Fucheng 1983, pp. 26–7; seals no longer used: Yu Bingkun et al., p. 116; ‘not be lazy': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, p. 849; Tongzhi's rule: Wu Xiangxiang, vol. 1, pp. 214–25; Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, passim; arguments over kowtow: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, pp. 8226–353

7 Cixi had already made her decision: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, pp. 8287–8; Weng troubled: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, pp. 983–4

8 Over Old Summer Palace: Wu Xiangxiang, vol. 1, pp. 206–25; Chun: Tongzhi duty to avenge father: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, pp. 8527–32; Tongzhi against opposition: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, pp. 1059, 1062; Wu Xiangxiang, vol. 1, pp. 208–9, 219–26; Wu Rulun, vol. 1, p. 314; Cixi intervenes: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 1, p. 2; Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, p. 1063; Wu Rulun, vol. 1, p. 314

9 Tongzhi's medical records, his illness: Tongzhi jinyaobu, in Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979, vol. 7, pp. 265–92; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, pp. 1073–86

10 Cixi stands in for son: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, pp. 1076–7; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 1, p. 3; Wang Qingqi banished: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1998, vol. 24, no. 1119; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, p. 1089

11 Grand Princess died: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, pp. 1092–3; Miss Alute's death: Xin Xiuming, p. 26; Xue Fucheng 1983, p. 27; family deaths: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 3, pp. 891–2; Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 226; Yun Yuding, vol. 2, p. 789

12 burying her son: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 3, pp. 1096–112; Li Yin, pp. 238–52; Qu Chunhai, pp. 39–40, 79–81

13 ‘You have a good heart': Carl, p. 243

Chapter 10 A Three-year-old is Made Emperor (1875)

1 Cixi after son died: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, pp. 1086–7; Chen Kuilong, p. 100

2 Chun terrified: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, p. 1087; only son at the time: Aisin-Gioro Puyi, p. 29; ‘he lay in a corner': Chen Kuilong, p. 100; Junglu: Chen Kuilong, p. 100

3 Guangxu into palace: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, p. 1087; Zhu Shoupeng, vol. 1, p. 2; Chun resignation: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 2, pp. 1088–9; Zhu Shoupeng, vol. 1, p. 3

4 Chun's more personal tragedy: Aisin-Gioro Puyi, pp. 29–30; Cixi favours and Chun grateful: Pujia, Pujie et al., pp. 209–14; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, p. 1470; Zhu Jiajin, 1982, no. 4; 10,000 taels: Chen Kuilong, p. 197, cf. pp. 120–1

5 newspapers available to the court: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, pp. 4549–56

Chapter 11 Modernisation Accelerates (1875–89)

1 Earl Li meetings: Li Hongzhang, vol. 31, p. 166; US President Grant: Packard, p. 711; ‘Physically he was': Richard, p. 298; ‘synonymous': Carl, p. 256; ‘From now on': Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, p. 336

2 Guo minister to London: Tang Jiaxuan (ed.), p. 780; Guo Songtao, passim; ‘perverse': Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 32; Guo's three audiences with Cixi: Guo Songtao, pp. 2–21; ‘a good man': Zeng Jize, p. 335

3 Hung Jun: Liu Bannong et al., pp. 11–14, 71–2; ‘no foot-dragging': First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, nos 1020, 1021; officials to travel: Wang Xiaoqiu & Yang Jiguo, pp. 1–34

4 commission to Cuba report: Cuba Commission, p. 3; ‘You must find ways': Li Hongzhang, vol. 6, pp. 327–8; banned slave trade: Tang Jiaxuan (ed.), pp. 75, 277, 439; Chen Lanbin: Cuba Commission, p. 5; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, p. 85

5 ‘biggest permanent threat': Li Hongzhang, vol. 4, pp. 216–17; build up the navy: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, p. 74; vol. 2, p. 1977; Wang Daocheng 1994, no. 4; endorsing first national flag: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 14, no. 848; Zhang Xia et al. (eds), pp. 470–505; Palace Museum (ed.) 2002, vol. 11, pp. 16–17; ‘China proudly took': Morse, vol. 2, p. 393; ‘he must bear in mind': Morse, vol. 2, Appendix D

6 ‘Great Dragons': Palace Museum (ed.) 2002, vol. 12, p. 379; ‘China's weakness': Mi Rucheng (ed.), vol. 1, p. 78, cf. p. 7; installation of telegraph: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 6, p. 325ff.; Sheng Xuanhuai, vol. 1, p. 107; modern coal-mining: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 1, pp. 153–5; vol. 7, pp. 20, 23–4, 26, 103, 128, 138, passim; Sun Yutang (ed.), vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 612–47; electricity: Huang Xi, pp. 33–4; Huang Xing, 2009, vol. 38, no. 3

7 Beijing's first tram: Huang Xi, p. 35; replacing outdated currency: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2032; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 7, p. 540; ‘We would have to borrow': Li Hongzhang, vol. 9, p. 259

8 the Wusong line: Mi Rucheng (ed.), vol. 1, p. 39ff.; Sun Yutang (ed.), vol. 1, no. 2, p. 612; railway in the Sea Palace: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 6, pp. 221–2; Yang Naiji; Carl, p. 290; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2561; Yu Bingkun et al., p. 173

9 ‘a giant in intellect': Martin 2005, p. 219; trade deficit: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 3, p. 2556; Viceroy Zhang proposal: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 1, pp. 661–7

10 Cixi deliberation: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 1, p. 667; ‘This project has magnificent': Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 6, p. 262; ‘Textile making': First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2005, vol. 1, p. 74

Chapter 12 Defender of the Empire (1875–89)

1 ‘lost consciousness': Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, p. 3; Chun change: Pujia, Pujie et al., pp. 210–14; Aisin-Gioro Puyi, pp. 7–8; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 6, p. 186

2 Morse remarked: Morse, vol. 2, pp. 328–9; ‘a soldier of fortune': Denby, vol. 1, p. 242; Earl Li's view: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, pp. 9136–8; Marquis Zeng: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, p. 9137; Chun's view: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 1, p. 116

3 ‘minding other people's business': Zeng Jize, p. 382; Cixi endorsing Zuo: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, pp. 804, 917–19; vol. 2, p. 1838; ‘China's new diplomacy' and Queen Victoria: Morse, vol. 2, p. 333; Gordon advice: Morse, vol. 2, pp. 334–5

4 ‘ready for war': Morse, vol. 2, p. 338; Cixi conducting negotiations: Zeng Jize, pp. 41–7; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, pp. 855–6, 870, 896–7; ‘diplomatic triumph': Morse, vol. 2, p. 338; Lord Dufferin: Morse, vol. 2, p. 339; Cixi illness: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, p. 936; Xue Baotian, pp. 50–116

5 ‘begged to be excused': Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 1679–82; Cixi approach to Vietnam: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, p. 1213; vol. 2, pp. 1399–400, 1685–6, 1729–30, passim; Zhang Zhenkun, vol. 1, pp. 30–1, 44–5, 54–5

6 ‘I can't but worry': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 1787–8; Prince Gong: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 1732, 1737, 1775–7, 1787, 1790, 1811–15; 30 March 1884: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 1816

7 dismissing Gong: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 1817–18; He Gangde, p. 9

8 ‘hard to look back': Dong Shouyi, pp. 433–40; ‘protracted war': Li Hongzhang, vol. 10, pp. 331–3; ‘totally unjust': Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, p. 1699

9 ‘Have read it': Li Hongzhang, vol. 21, p. 150; Cixi withdrew troops: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 1744–5; France demands indemnity: Morse, vol. 2, p. 355; Li Hongzhang, vol. 21, p. 181; not a sou: Li Hongzhang, vol. 21, p. 199; Kong Xiangji 2001, pp. 344–8; ‘war is unavoidable': Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 1766–7; ‘When it comes to': Kong Xiangji 2001, p. 329; overseas Chinese: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 1804–5

10 ‘swept away': Kong Xiangji 2001, p. 348; Cixi orders ceasefire: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 3, pp. 1917–22; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 1912–14; Vietnamese helping French: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 1729–30; Li Hongzhang, vol. 10, p. 418; Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 60; ‘If it had not been': Kong Xiangji 2001, p. 352

11 Paten tre and Earl Li: http://history.cultural-china.com/en/34History6627.html; Cixi writes in crimson ink: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1995, vol. 64, pp. 818, 821, 823, 840

12 annual revenue had doubled: Shen Xuefeng; ten million taels: Li Wenzhi (ed.), p. 773; Hart's honour: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 3, p. 2570; Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 1, pp. 737–8; the banquet: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2004, pp. 48–58; Charles Denby: Denby, vol. 1, pp. 241–8

Chapter 13 Guangxu Alienated from Cixi (1875–94)

1 ‘I send you out': Carl, pp. 192–3

2 Empress Zhen's strokes: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 1, p. 259; vol. 2, p. 735; vol. 3, p. 1555; see the historian Xu Che's investigation, in Xu Che, pp. 345–7; mourning ban: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, pp. 1065, 1244; vol. 2, p. 1450; Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 1, p. 371; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 1751; Ding Ruqin, p. 242

3 Guangxu's first lesson: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 3, p. 1191

4 ‘sitting, standing': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 3, p. 1266; ‘I have been missing you': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 3, p. 1327; Guangxu's education: Weng Tonghe 2006, vols 3 & 4 passim; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2005, vol. 1, pp. 69–75; report from a governor: from the First Historical Archives of China, Beijing, archive number: 04-01-14-0080-001; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1995, vol. 1, p. 73

5 ‘don't begrudge them expenses': from the First Historical Archives of China, Beijing, archive number: 04-01-12-0528-062; essays and poems: Society of Manchu Studies (ed.), pp. 178–201

6 wooden horse: Society of Manchu Studies (ed.), p. 195; enterprising Dane: Headland, p. 116; stutter: He Gangde, p. 16; thunder: Xin Xiuming, p. 31; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2452

7 Cixi postpones retirement: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 2119–27; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 2028–31; Earl Li and Prince Chun: Li Hongzhang, vol. 34, pp. 42, 47, 50; Weng reaction: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 2030–1; Guangxu reaction: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 2029–31, 2089–92, 2103; Lin Keguang et al., p. 27; health deteriorated: Zhu Jinfu & Zhou Wenquan 1982, no. 3; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 2068, 2125; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2005, vol. 1, pp. 75–6

8 ‘duty to the ancestors': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2103; smashed glass and Cixi reaction: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 2201–2, 2211–2; Lin Keguang et al., p. 39; ‘in a fury': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2503; cf. Headland, p. 202

9 ‘reserved' as empress: Yehenala Genzheng & Hao Xiaohui 2008, p. 4; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2231; Duke Guixiang figure of scorn: Pujia, Pujie et al., p. 94; Xin Xiuming, p. 85; Yehenala Genzheng & Hao Xiaohui 2007, pp. 164, 170–4; Jin Yi & Shen Yiling, pp. 295–8

10 5.5 million taels: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2255; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1051; The grand banquet: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2261; how Guangxu treats Longyu: Rongling, p. 21; Headland, p. 202

11 Pearl: Pujia, Pujie et al., p. 187; Xin Xiuming, p. 23; French doctor: Franzini; Weng in Shanghai: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1052; Weng on church orphanage: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2311

12 Heaven's warning: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2249; Cixi's meeting with the pair: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2256; shelved the railway: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 6, pp. 274–6; Li Hongzhang, vol. 34, p. 634; currency reform ditched: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 7, pp. 548ff.; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2032; ordered Guangxu to learn English: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1056; Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 324; Weng's dismay: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2481, 2484; speech problem: Seagrave, p. 175; He Gangde, p. 16

13 ‘period of slumber': Morse, vol. 2, p. 394; ‘Audience went': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 837; ‘The foreign barbarian': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2428

14 ‘Railroads': Seagrave, p. 175

Chapter 14 The Summer Palace (1886–94)

1 ultimate ambition: Xin Xiuming, pp. 47–8; ‘strike': Yu Bingkun et al., pp. 158–68

2 ‘all in the empire': First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, no. 80; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 3, pp. 2414–15; abandoned visiting Wutai: He Gangde, p. 17; told grandees: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2060; Summer Palace cost: Wang Daocheng 1994, no. 4; Ye Zhiru & Tang Yinian, pp. 1027–31; cf. Xin Xiuming, p. 47

3 some three million taels: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 3, p. 141; Wang Daocheng 1994, no. 4; Ye Zhiru & Tang Yinian, pp. 1029–30

4 ‘the latest models': Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 213; ‘never seen such': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2879–80

Chapter 15 In Retirement and in Leisure (1889–94)

1 the Statutes: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 14, no. 1164; cf. Mao Haijian 2005, p. 11; reject an official's petition: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 15, no. 85; first list sent to Cixi: Junjichu suishou dengjidang (Files of Documents that Passed through the Grand Council), 5 March 1889 ff.

2 stepped in over the railway: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 15, no. 813; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 3, p. 2646; Weng against it: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 3, p. 2552; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2323; Guangxu shelved it: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 6, p. 274–6; Li Hongzhang, vol. 34, p. 634; met with Grand Council: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2353; Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 324; tension with Guangxu: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2353, 2446; move into Summer Palace: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2447; ‘After my retirement': to Liu Kunyi, in Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 4, p. 301; Xin Xiuming, pp. 18, 21

3 ‘In person': Carl, p. 125; eunuchs recalled: Pujia, Pujie et al., pp. 189–90

4 Censors wrote to reprimand: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 2149, 2151; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2049

5 Longyu: Carl, p. 43; Rongling, p. 22; Jin Yi & Shen Yiling, p. 150

6 jet-black toupee: Xin Xiuming, p. 13; daily routine: Der Ling 2004; Rongling; Jin Yi & Shen Yiling; Xin Xiuming; Carl; Headland; Yehenala Genzheng & Hao Xiaohui 2007

7 ‘Old Buddha': Jin Liang 1998, p. 163; Headland, p. 85; taking human milk: Xin Xiuming, p. 41; Forbidden City Publishing (ed.), pp. 200–2; Carl, p. 48

8 daily allocation of food: Kong Xiangji 1998, p. 110; seldom drank: Carl, p. 190; Rongling, p. 19; ‘when Her Majesty awakes': Carl, pp. 23–4

9 hot-air balloon: Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, pp. 502–3

10 ‘clothes, shoes': Der Ling 2004, p. 26; ‘as if entranced': Jin Yi & Shen Yiling, p. 165; Der Ling 2004, p. 128

11 ‘flower mountain': Gao Shu, p. 176; Carl, p. 40; collection of gourds: Rongling, p. 15; Xin Xiuming, p. 3; Carl, p. 115; cooked food herself: Der Ling 2004, p. 95; giant marquees: Carl, p. 60, Conger, pp. 261–2; Jin Yi & Shen Yiling, pp. 146–7

12 ‘She had a long': Carl, p. 140; dog-breeders considered: Hubbard, p. 220; against ‘sleeve-dog': Carl, pp. 53–5

13 ‘the liveliest interest': Carl, p. 173; visiting collection in church: Yu Bingkun et al., p.172; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2005, vol. 2, pp. 920–1; invented a dice game: Der Ling 2004, pp. 76–7; against gambling: Rongling, p. 32

14 hated foot-binding: Carl, p. 48; Headland, pp. 88, 233; watched village performers: Xin Xiuming, p. 71; Gao Shu, p. 157

15 The Monkey King: Rongling, p. 9; tips to performers: Ding Ruqin, pp. 255–7

16 The Warriors of the Yang Family: Ding Ruqin, pp. 267–8; Zao Yang; Xin Xiuming, p. 38; ‘The most vicious': Forbidden City Publishing (ed.), p. 377

17 Lady Miao scroll: Yu Bingkun et al., p. 157

Chapter 16 War with Japan (1894)

1 On Japan in 1882: Li Hongzhang, vol. 10, pp. 74–6, 277; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1995, vol. 64, p. 821

2 on Japan in 1884: Li Hongzhang, vol. 10, pp. 640–1, 684; ‘speedy and satisfactory': Li Hongzhang, vol. 11, p. 60; Hart wrote: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 1, p. 592; Cixi guideline for navy: Li Hongzhang, vol. 12, p. 531; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1995, vol. 65, pp. 33, 45; stopped buying warships: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 335; ‘We have had lakes': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 1, p. 803; footnote: Li Hongzhang, vol. 10, pp. 497–8

3 rice imports: Li Wenzhi (ed.), p. 773; naval/army purchases discontinued: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Sino-Japanese War, vol. 3, pp. 177–8; ‘is concentrating the resources': Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 562; Japan better equipped: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 423–4; vol. 35, p. 562; Jiang Ming, pp. 328–9; checking Earl Li accounts: Li Hongzhang, vol. 13, pp. 74–7, 207–9, 249–50, 351–4, 364–8, 391–2, 420, 546–53; vol. 14, passim; vol. 35, p. 587

4 ‘chooses to believe': Wang Daocheng 1994, no. 4; glowing report: Li Hongzhang, vol. 14, pp. 94–6; ‘Our ships are not': Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 252; ‘paper tiger': Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 107; navy requests not passed on: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 406; ‘seeking to be one-up': Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 562; Li 1894 report: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 333–6

5 Ito made up mind to take on China: The memoirs of Mutsu Munemitsu, Kenkenroku, in Wang Yunsheng, vol. 2, p. 35

6 ‘calculating with too much': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 976; ‘not just threatening': Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 371–4; ‘within our expectations': Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 372; ‘launching a punitive': Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 383; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 1, pp. 117–18; ‘999 out of': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 979; ‘in a really masterful way': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 976; ‘her army and navy': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, pp. 974–5

7 ‘Britain cannot allow': Li Hongzhang, vol. 24, p. 168

8 Cixi gave full support: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2708; ‘must not do anything': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2708; reprimanded Councillors: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2720; Cixi out of policy loop: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1108; ‘cowardly and incompetent': Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 406; Zhirui insisted: Qi Qizhang (ed.), vol. 1, p. 41; Cixi, Guangxu and Earl Li over Admiral Ting: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1091; Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 405–7

9 Cixi saw Grand Council: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2730–1; scheduled to return to Summer Palace: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2732; Li presented detailed reports: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 415–36; donating three million taels: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 424; sixtieth birthday celebrations cancelled: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2732; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 20, nos 1011–12

10 ‘Hold it for now': Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1096; ‘further fighting': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 991; Cixi trying to persuade Weng: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2738; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1098

11 Earl Li's gifts: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 452; ‘No presents, please': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2740; tell officials to present gifts: ibid.

12 attempting to explain: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 20, no. 1117; ‘Things look bad': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, pp. 991–2; ‘we shall probably': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 992; no gifts for seventieth birthday: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 30, no. 370; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, p. 5071; Hu Sijing, pp. 28–9. For other birthdays: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 99; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, pp. 5093, 5575, 5745, etc.

13 Pearl sold posts: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2754; Xin Xiuming, p. 24; Kong Xiangji 1998, pp. 89–95; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 20, no. 803; also nos 446, 459; obtained confessions from Pearl: Kong Xiangji 1998, pp. 84–7

14 Headland recalled: Headland, pp. 203–4; 26 November decree: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 20, no. 1301; Guangxu reaction to decree: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2754; Cixi had full access to information: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 20, no. 1304ff.; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1108; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2797

15 Zhirui petitions: Qi Qizhang (ed.), vol. 1, pp. 41–5; ‘a hen crowing': Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2004, pp. 290–1; distraught by allegation: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2756, 2764; ‘rest assured': to Liu Kunyi, in Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 4, p. 300

16 Two other friends: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2856; Mao Haijian 2005, p. 468; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, p. 3685; tried to close Guangxu's study: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2757–9

Chapter 17 A Peace that Ruined China (1895)

1 Cixi key points, 5 January 1895: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1116; ‘dying swine': Kong Xiangji 2001, p. 16; 6 February, told Grand Council: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1125; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2776

2 ‘Empress Dowager had outrage': Wang Wenshao, p. 870; called on troops to fight on: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, p. 3539; Viceroy Zhang: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 3, pp. 2036, 2047; Guangxu and Council willing to accept Japanese terms: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, pp. 1125–6; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2776–7; ‘come and get instructions': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2778

3 Cixi objected to ceding territory: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2782; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, pp. 1134–5; Guangxu authorised ‘cede territory': Li Hongzhang, vol. 16, p. 31; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1137; Councillors wrote to Cixi: Li Hongzhang, vol. 16, p. 31; Guangxu tiptoed: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2787; ‘each year earns': Zhang Zhidong, vol. 3, p. 2041; 8 April, Cixi: ‘Cede no land': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2792; 14 April, Guangxu told Li to sign: Li Hongzhang, vol. 16, p. 56; Cixi frequently passed out: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 4, p. 300; eunuch ‘often spotted': Xin Xiuming, p. 16

4 Itō did not dispute figures: Wang Yunsheng, vol. 2, pp. 260, 268–9; ‘a voice and nothing besides': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1009; ‘if Japan wins': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, pp. 992, 1006; Kaiser Wilhelm II: the Kaiser's interview with Dr William Hale, 19 July 1908, in Rohl, Appendix 2

5 Cixi asked Grand Council to reconsider: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2798; Cixi stopped trying to persuade: ibid.; ‘trembling': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2799–800; Guangxu rushed ratification: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2801–2, cf. p. 2791; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1062; ‘the safest line': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1017

6 ‘The Japanese war': Denby, vol. 2, p. 147; foreign debts: Jin Pushen, 2000, no. 1; Qi Qizhang, p. 504

7 ‘there's no head': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 992; ‘C'est le seul homme': Carl, p. 101

Chapter 18 The Scramble for China (1895–8)

1 Cixi continued to receive documents: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2889; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vols 21–4, passim; marked increase in Guangxu visits: Mao Haijian, 2010, no. 4; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 3637, 3648–9, 3652, 3656, 3662, 3670–726, passim; Viceroy Zhang pointed out: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 2, pp. 989–90; cf. Sheng Xuanhuai, vol. 1, pp. 472–3, 476, 479; European powers regarded China: Denby, vol. 2, pp. 147–8; Morse, vol. 3, p. 101; Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 998

2 ‘When the envoys': Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1063; ‘blood vessels': Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 130; Guangxu to top officials: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2803; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 3595–6; ‘forced me to ratify': Tsinghua University History Department (ed.), p. 44; Guangxu berated Li: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2829

3 ‘not even look': Mao Haijian 2010, no. 4; Gong from sickbed: Mao Haijian 2010, no. 4; Tsinghua University History Department (ed.), p. 180; mistress of the court: Mao Haijian 2010, no. 4; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2837, 2844, 2878, 2890; Cixi on Guangxu: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 4, pp. 300–1; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2742; got on really well: Mao Haijian 2010, no. 4; officials were warned: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2856; Wang Wenshao, pp. 919–20

4 study closed down: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2878; Viceroy Zhang for alliance with Russia: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 2, pp. 1002–3; Grand Council decamped: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1064; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2883

5 ‘on guard against future perils': Tsinghua University History Department (ed.), p. 197; Bon voyage banquet: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 113; footnote: Morse, vol. 3, pp. 103–4; Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 1, p. 116

6 New York Times description: New York Times, 3 September 1896; Guangxu audience: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2944; Li Hongzhang, vol. 26, p. 275; after seeing Cixi: Li Hongzhang, vol. 16, p. 84; vol. 26, p. 275; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2944; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 3876–7; Mao Haijian 2010, no. 4

7 journey to Yellow River: State Archives Bureau, Ming and Qing Archives (ed.), pp. 466–7; Mao Haijian 2011, no. 1; Li Hongzhang, vol. 36, pp. 199–226; Zhang proposal: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 2, pp. 989–1001; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, p. 3631ff.; ‘whole towns': Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 533; ‘had done nothing': Morse, vol. 3, p. 108

8 Moon Festival: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2934–6

9 Cixi planned to restore Old Summer Palace: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2891; Weng to collect opium tax: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 3963–5; Li Bingheng argued: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 3972–3

10 ‘the scheme of the Inspector General': Qing shilu, vol. 57, p. 301; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, p. 3973; Germany grabbing Qingdao: Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 1, pp. 106–47; Qingdao Museum et al. (eds.), pp. 121ff. Dugdale, E. T. S. (ed. & tr.), XIV, p. 69; Morse, vol. 3, pp. 106–7; ‘No fighting': Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1069; Wang Yunsheng, vol. 3, pp. 173–4; Cixi informed afterwards: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1069

11 ‘stinking beasts': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3099; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1072; ‘the Empress Dowager comforted us': Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1071; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3081

12 ‘the height of treachery': Witte, p. 100; bribing Chinese negotiators: Zhang Rongchu (tr.), pp. 203–12; ‘what a pathetic sight': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3104; Guangxu audience with Earl: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 519; ‘It's not just you': ibid.; Cixi not consulted: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, pp. 519–20; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3104

13 Censor Weijun: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3103

Chapter 19 The Reforms of 1898 (1898)

1 ‘In the world's history': Morse, vol. 3, p. 127; ‘urgent need': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3081; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 2, p. 430; receiving Prince Heinrich: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, pp. 3118–28; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1072; Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 530

2 stop fighting over trifles: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 522; prince had to stand before Cixi: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3118; Guangxu and medals: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 428–35; ‘Prince Gong was silent': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, pp. 3081, 3114; ‘The roller-coaster': Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2004, pp. 252–3

3 Cixi launches reforms: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3132

4 Guangxu orders Weng to retire: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3134; Cixi's summer gifts: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1074; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3134; collaborated remarkably well: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 31–3; all decrees had Cixi's endorsement: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 16–18, 33–5; ‘The future of China': Martin 1896, p. 327

5 Junglu to carry it out: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, p. 4135; ‘six or seven out of ten': Kong Xiangji 1988, p. 369

6 ‘I knew I was the Sage': Kang Youwei, p. 8; writings sent on to Cixi: Mao Haijian 2005, p. 382; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3112; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 23, no. 1107; Cixi drew Guangxu's attention to Kang: Guangxu asked Weng to give him another copy of Kang's pamphlet on Japan most likely because Cixi, who kept the pamphlet, talked to him about it and he had not read it. Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3128; Mao Haijian 2009, p. 382; ‘as a close adviser': Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, p. 231; With Cixi's blessing: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, pp. 234–5

7 ‘humiliation': Kang Youwei, p. 44; Mao Haijian 2009, p. 441; Macartney question: Cranmer-Byng, p. 238; Robbins, p. 386; ‘the able men': Der Ling 2004, p. 277; Debates on Advisory Board: Mao Haijian 2009, pp. 576–88; Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 547; State Archives Bureau, Ming and Qing Archives (ed.), pp. 6–11; 4,000 taels: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 562; Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, p. 142; Liang Dingfen, in Tang Zhijun, p. 67

8 Sun Jianai: Mao Haijian 2009, pp. 582–3; friends regarded Kang's occupations: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2009, no. 1; writings delivered to Guangxu clandestinely: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, pp. 355, 432; Mao Haijian 2009, p. 721; Liang Dingfen, in Tang Zhijun, p. 67

9 Guangxu read Poland fable and fell ill: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, p. 433; Mao Haijian 2005, p. 131; Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 553; ‘the wisest ever in history': Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, pp. 351–5

10 Kang petitions collected into booklets: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, p. 360; bound booklets in the library of the Palace Museum, Beijing; ‘get rid of the whole lot': Kong Xiangji 1988, pp. 373–5; ‘loss of goodwill': Kong Xiangji 1988, p. 380

11 four secretaries: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 35, 65, 81; ‘Every day': Mao Haijian 2005, p. 73; Kang Board: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 4, p. 332; Mao Haijian 2009, p. 709

12 ‘An emperor is like the father': Kong Xiangji 1988, p. 62; ‘the modern Sage': Morse, vol. 3, p. 132; Confucius crowned King: Sun Jianai, in Mao Haijian 2009, pp. 42, 534; Liang Dingfen, in Tang Zhijun, pp. 63–4

13 Kang anxiously explained: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, pp. 350–1

Chapter 20 A Plot to Kill Cixi (September 1898)

1 Wang Zhao to approach Nie: Wang Zhao, in Cen Chunxuan, Yun Yuding et al., p. 84; Tan to Yuan: Yuan Shikai, pp. 550–3; Bi Yongnian, p. 28

2 a haul of gold: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, pp. 402–3; Mao Haijian 2009, p. 774; Kang ghosted petitions re Japan: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, pp. 399–401, 404–5, 443–5

3 newspaper in Tianjin: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2011, pp. 107–95; Tsinghua University History Department (ed.), p. 958; ‘My dearest and nearest': Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 440–2; It ō wrote to wife: Wang Xiaoqiu, p. 122

4 Japanese newspapers: Wang Xiaoqiu, p. 129; ‘Ludicrous': Li Hongzhang, vol. 36, p. 193; Viceroy ‘shocked': Zheng Xiaoxu, vol. 2, p. 671; Tianjin paper promotes Kang: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2011, pp. 148–53; Liang Dingfen, in Tang Zhijun, p. 69; ‘the first Chinese Minister': New York Times, 13 May 1897; confidential report to Tokyo: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2004, pp. 251–4

5 Sir Yinhuan denounced: Kong Xiangji 1988, p. 252; Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 540; nothing was done: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, pp. 539–41; Mao Haijian 2005, p. 38; secret middle man: Kong Xiangji 2008, pp. 230–3; Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, pp. 144, 188, 422; Ma Zhongwen 1998; Mao Haijian 2009, p. 721; Liang Dingfen, in Tang Zhijun, p. 67; ‘so-called Japanese desire': Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 510; cf. Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2009a, p. 83; ‘When I go to his house': Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3068; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1071

6 ‘If the throne employs It ō ': State Archives Bureau, Ming and Qing Archives (ed.), p. 461

7 ‘going about things': Yuan Shikai, p. 553

8 Bi later described: Bi Yongnian, p. 28; The Wild Fox visited Richard, 19 Sept: Kang's letter to Timothy Richard, in Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 3, p. 528; Richard's words: Richard, dedication, pp. 258, 263, 266; ‘too delicious!': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1044; ‘nonsense': National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1718, p. 191

9 ‘detectives and policemen': Brenan to MacDonald, in Seagrave, p. 244; ‘cherishes the aspiration': Kang Youwei, p. 66; reform-needs-bloodshed theory: Liang Qichao 1964, p. 109; newspaper report: Mao Haijian 2009, p. 822

10 The two innocent men: Chen Kuilong, p. 37; Wang Xiagang, pp. 240–4; people were appalled: Yun Yuding, vol. 1, p. 170; Mao Haijian 2011, no. 1; Kang claim first appeared: Tang Zhijun, p. 39

11 ‘have attempted': First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 24, no. 1399; cf. Mao Haijian 2005, p. 133; Yuan diary hidden: Yuan Shikai, pp. 554–5; ‘the rumoured plot': Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 3, p. 542; Kang charged Cixi: Tang Zhijun, pp. 57–63

12 Sir Yinhuan acknowledged: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 562; Weng to Yinhuan: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, passim; Wu (Woo) Yong, pp. 21–2; Kong Xiangji 2001, pp. 199–200; Ma Zhongwen 1996, no. 4; ‘traitor': Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1084; ‘like the fingers': Zhang Shesheng, p. 156; footnote: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 561; Zhang Rongchu (tr.), pp. 211–12

13 ‘harbouring evil intentions': First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 24, no. 1411; Ordered execution of Yinhuan: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 26, no. 662; cf. nos 679, 681; punishments of eunuchs: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 142–6; Learning Companion Xu: Mao Haijian 2009, p. 859; footnote: Xin Xiuming, p. 33

14 Reforms to continue: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 24, nos 1376, 1399, 1754, passim; Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 136, 547–8; ‘forging a Great Asia merger': Yang Tianshi, pp. 188–90; ‘The Japanese government': Yang Tianshi, p. 159; imprisoning Guangxu: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 149–53, 160; percussion instruments: Ding Ruqin, p. 272

15 Pearl a prisoner: Wang Daocheng, in Society of Manchu Studies (ed.), vol. 2, p. 223; Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 143, 152

Chapter 21 Desperate to Dethrone Her Adopted Son (1898–1900)

1 opera about a heartless adopted son: Ding Ruqin, pp. 269–70

2 ‘clear the air': Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 116; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 3, p. 538; Dr Dethève's report: Franzini; daily routine: Xin Xiuming, pp. 12–14; Jin Liang 1998, p. 14; Rongling, p. 12

3 Guangxu's modest living: Yun Yuding, vol. 1, p. 405; Wang Zhao, pp. 103–4; Carl, pp. 191, 292; ‘no obsequious eunuchs': Headland, pp. 165–8; eunuchs poked fun: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 74; ‘a Sphinx-like quality': Carl, pp. 66–7; read translations, etc.: Ye Xiaoqing 2007, no. 2; Rongling, p. 22; Wang Zhao, pp. 102–3; devil-like figures: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 74

4 a ruse: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2004, pp. 123–209; ‘made a mistake': Headland, p. 65; Emperor Kangxi attributed: Forbidden City Publishing (ed.), p. 239

5 ‘deceiving the emperor': Tsinghua University History Department (ed.), pp. 1198, 1205; Liu Kunyi, vol. 3, pp. 1112, 1415; Junglu and Earl Li: Chen Kuilong, p. 23

6 Hart wrote: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1180; Cixi's tea party and impressions: Conger, pp. 40–3; Lady Ethel MacDonald, ‘My Visits to the Dowager Empress of China', Empire Review, April 1901, in Seagrave, pp. 259, 261

7 the prisoner wrote: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, no. 1512

8 legations pressed to see Guangxu: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, nos 43–4; Headland, p. 161; ‘too busy': Headland, p. 161

Chapter 22 To War against the World Powers – with the Boxers (1899–1900)

1 powers gave Italy consent: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 121; Morse, vol. 3, pp. 124–5; ‘The Italian Ultimatum': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1190; Hart,Journals, 1863–1866, p. 1192

2 ‘great surprise': Headland, p. 61; ‘being unable to': Xiang, pp. 87–8; ‘There was a bustle': Morse, vol. 3, p. 125; ‘stuck out his hand': Salvago Raggi, pp. 148–9; Cixi's decrees: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, nos 1207, 1220; ‘Not a speck': Xiang, p. 95

3 ‘feeling of elation': Morse, vol. 3, p. 125; Italy only bluffing: Xiang, p. 101; Li Hongzhang, vol. 36, p. 250; ‘Foreign powers bully': Sheng Xuanhuai, vol. 2, pp. 652–6; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, nos 1247–8; Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 89; ‘Western people': Wu Tingfang, p. 254; ‘I happened to be': Yung Wing, pp. 70–3

4 ‘When an Oriental': Wu Tingfang, p. 181

5 Edwards quotes: Edwards, pp. 53–4; ‘Whenever a Christian': Smith, p. 54; ‘be fair and even-handed': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 44; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, no. 1451, passim

6 ‘owing debts': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 13; German expedition: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 21–32; First Historical Archives of China & History Department of Fujian Normal University (eds.), vol. 5, pp. 588–92; ‘On the whole': Bird, p. 298; ‘punished severely': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 19–21, 38

7 replacing Yuxian: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 38, 44–5; ‘most deeply aggrieved': First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, no. 1423; Morse, vol. 3, p. 179; Boxers had destroyed: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 57; ‘extremely circumspect': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 46–8; Cixi banned Boxers: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 26, no. 53; legations dissatisfied and demanded: National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1412; Morse, vol. 3, p. 187

8 ‘I have never known': National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1412; On 12 April: National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1412; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Boxers, vol. 3, p. 169; published in the Peking Gazette: National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1412; Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 80

9 ‘none of them wish': Conger, p. 91; Lord Salisbury remarked: Roberts, p. 773; Junglu sick leave: Ronglu (Junglu), p. 405; Hou Bin; ‘disciplined': Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 86; Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 168; Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 180

10 ‘For the first time': Smith, p. 169; blue eyes!: Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 175

11 ‘killing of all foreigners': Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 179; permission for 400 troops: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 110–11; Conger, p. 92; not authorising Seymour: Conger, pp. 97, 100; MacDonald, Sir Claude et al., p. 49; Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 142–4; Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 182; mobilisation of some Boxers: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, pp. 145, 157–8; ‘with the utmost courage': Xiang, p. 261; ‘deep regret': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 133

12 ‘Well, what's done': Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 183; Rescue parties: Morse, vol. 3, p. 204; Fleming, p. 95; Xiang, pp. 269–70; ‘never forget': Smith, p. 240; Junglu to protect: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 144–5; decrees to rein in Boxers: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 136–41

13 Earl Li and other dignitaries: Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, passim; An eye-witness recorded: Yun Yuding, vol. 2, pp. 785–6

14 Queen Victoria to Salisbury: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 133; ‘China Telegrams': Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, nos 135–851; ‘Feel anxious': Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 130

15 ‘We are in the wrong': Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, p. 74; Grass-roots officials: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 28ff.; ‘Our choice is': Yun Yuding, vol. 2, p. 786; Queen Victoria had spelt out: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 130; footnote: Roberts, p. 771

Chapter 23 Fighting to a Bitter End (1900)

1 1,400 leagues: Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 170; ‘The Boxers and soldiers': Conger, pp. 116, 199; ‘There is no doubt': Smith, p. 577; Cixi rewarded Boxers: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 161–2; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 26, nos 587–8; Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, p. 97; opened warehouses: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 176; ‘Slowly they came': Xiang, p. 261

2 ‘a well-dressed': Xiang, p. 301; laid out night-stools: Liu Bannong et al., p. 75; asking a Buddhist monk: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 2, pp. 476, 478; mansion of Imperial Princess: Headland, p. 206; Forbidden City not immune: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 87; Chen Kuilong, p. 39; Ronglu (Junglu), p. 404; Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 169; request put to Cixi: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 87

3 ‘Suddenly in a matter': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 187; Sarah Conger wrote: Conger, pp. 114–17, 129–30; cannon gauge raised: Chen Kuilong, p. 52

4 ‘If I had really': Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 89; Cixi told Junglu to deliver fruit: Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, p. 154; thousands of casualties: Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, p. 117; Cixi's orders re Catholic cathedral: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 414; footnote: Carl, p. 266

5 massacred 178: Morse, vol. 3, p. 242; Mgr Hamer: Edwards, pp. 106–7; Cixi put a stop: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 327–8, 421–3; vetoed nationwide massacre: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 1, pp. 253–4; ‘If you continue to indulge': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 415–7

6 Viceroys would not obey her: Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, passim; ‘totally realistic': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 156–7; vol. 2, p. 946; Cixi not ready to surrender: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 401, 404, 411–12, 414; Viceroy Zhang petition: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 386–7; Yuan Chang: Kong Xiangji 2008, pp. 166–71

7 Zhang information-gathering network: Mao Haijian 2011, no. 1; Xu Jingcheng: Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 1, pp. 106, 121–45; ‘tidying up his hat': Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Boxers, vol. 2, p. 496; ‘harbouring private agenda': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 392; foreigners regarding Zhang: Morse, vol. 3, p. 362; Martin 1896, p. 238; Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 213; Liu Kunyi, vol. 6, p. 2586; Zhang – Britain and Japan: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 628; Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2011, pp. 408–9; Liu Kunyi, vol. 6, p. 2586

8 ‘simply fled': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 469; ‘quite a few traitors': Sheng Xuanhuai, vol. 2, p. 656; Eunuchs remembered: Xin Xiuming, p. 37; Lishan in 1898: Mao Haijian 2005, p. 38; 200 carriages: Chen Kuilong, pp. 57–9

9 early morning of 15 August: Natong, vol. 1, p. 350; Pujia, Pujie et al., pp. 90–1; Pearl drowned: Pujia, Pujie et al., pp. 187–8; Xin Xiuming, pp. 24–5

Chapter 24 Flight (1900–1)

1 beginning of flight: Pujia, Pujie et al., pp. 90–3; Cen Chunxuan, in Cen Chunxuan, Yun Yuding et al., pp. 14–15; Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 51; Xin Xiuming, pp. 33–4; Wang Zhao, p. 100

2 with County Chief Woo: Wu (Woo) Yong

3 first time in Han attire: Pujia, Pujie et al., p. 93

4 Eye-witnesses seeing her: Pujia, Pujie et al., p. 90; orders to provinces: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 489, passim; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 2, passim; six million taels: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2005, vol. 1, p. 37; 2,000 carts: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 95; Sir Yinhuan execution: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1996, vol. 26, no. 662; Ma Zhongwen 1996, no. 4; Liu Kunyi to Zhang: Liu Kunyi, vol. 6, p. 2586

5 ‘thousand times urgent': Kong Xiangji 2008, pp. 162–3; lobby Western powers to protect Cixi: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, nos 592, 806; ‘There is great danger': Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 843; ‘ranged themselves solidly': Morse, vol. 3, pp. 330, 342

6 Zhang to Cixi re audience: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 2, pp. 1453–4; vol. 3, pp. 1526, 1580; Li Xizhu, pp. 116–17; silent audience: Gao Shu, p. 148

7 Poems of Gratitude: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 12, pp. 10566–8; Junglu as decoy: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 484; Chongqi and family: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 484, 532; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 3, pp. 891–2; Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 226; Yun Yuding, vol. 2, p. 789

8 suicides: Natong, vol. 1, p. 352; Yun Yuding, vol. 2, p. 789; assassination squad: Yang Tianshi 2011, no. 5; Sang Bing, pp. 334–5; Yang Tianshi, pp. 157–61; Warren cabled Salisbury: National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1718, p. 372; ‘Peace of Yang-tsze': Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 859; footnote: Liu Bannong et al., p. 31

9 ‘found a Republic': Tang Zhijun 1997, p. 337; burst into tears: Wu (Woo) Yong, pp. 50, 89; Cen Chunxuan, Yun Yuding et al., p. 18; Xu Che, p. 486

10 ‘In the middle of a sentence': Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 83; ‘Your Majesty': Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 74

11 throne set up for herself: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 81; Roosevelt Longworth, p. 99; Carl, p. 71; Townley, p. 89

Chapter 25 Remorse (1900–1)

1 The last thing Cixi did: interview with Prof. Wang Daocheng, who has seen the note, 21 October 2010; ‘politely requested': Smith, pp. 529–30; guardians informed Cixi: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 496–7, 551–2; vol. 2, pp. 1152, 1214, 1321, 1328–9, 1340–1; cf. Zhang Zhidong, vol. 3, p. 2168

2 Millions of taels seized: Morse, vol. 3, p. 367; Chen Kuilong, p. 44; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 8, p. 604; Zhang Zhidong, vol. 2, p. 1451; losses from homes: Natong, vol. 1, p. 350; Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 498; Hart helped stop looting: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 496–7; ‘For decades': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 513; ‘The place was': Weale, p. 342

3 ‘there was no slaughtering': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 552; hygiene in the streets: Liu Bannong et al., p. 36; ‘return home as the Conqueror': Von Waldersee, p. 205; ‘deserved their fate': Von Waldersee, pp. 252–3; ‘I believe I may say': Von Waldersee, pp. 216–21; footnote: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 2, pp. 1155–6

4 ‘Yesterday evening': Von Waldersee, pp. 241–2; ‘the bedroom': Von Waldersee, p. 221; Prettier Than Golden Flower: Qi Rushan, in Liu Bannong et al., pp. 253–63

5 ‘should be within the ability': Morse, vol. 3, pp. 346–7, 350; footnote: Chang & Halliday, Chapter 56

6 German demands: Morse, vol. 3, p. 350; Von Waldersee, p. 210; America's claim excessive: Hunt; Chinese population at that time: Jiang Tao 1993, pp. 78–9; arguments over indemnity: Von Waldersee, pp. 224, 233, 239–40; People's Bank of China (ed.), pp. 888–98

7 ‘I have much sympathy': Conger, pp. 188–9; raising customs tariffs: Boxer Protocol of 1901, in National People's Congress Standing Committee Secretariat (ed.), p. 205; People's Bank of China (ed.), p. 892; up to eighteen million: Morse, vol. 3, p. 351; Cixi on new source: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 2, p. 1075; raising customs tariffs Beijing's goal: Morse, vol. 3, pp. 103–4; Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 1, p. 116; Cixi on payment terms: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 2, p. 1075; footnote: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1282; Morse, vol. 3, p. 351

8 ‘I have been of some use': Fairbank et al., p. 167; Cixi bestowed on Hart: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 27, no. 751; Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1294; Morse, vol. 3, p. 470; 500,000 taels: Morse, vol. 3, p. 367; ‘overcome with': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 2, p. 853

9 ‘as I am the one responsible': Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 89; ‘the Decree of Self-reproach': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 2, pp. 944–7; ‘before' or ‘after': Carl, p. 269; 29 January 1901 decree: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 2, pp. 914–16; ‘Making these changes': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 2, p. 1328

10 Tianjin provisional government: Procès-verbaux des Séances du Gouvernement Provisoire de Tientsin, vol. 1, Introduction, pp. 1–16; 2,758,651 taels: Morse, vol. 3, p. 365; ‘Unlike 30 years ago': Zhang Zhidong, vol. 2, p. 1428

11 ‘the spirit of reform': Martin 2005, p. 198; ‘ranks with Catherine': Roosevelt Longworth, p. 95; ‘real revolution': Reynolds, p. 1

Chapter 26 Return to Beijing (1901–2)

1 ‘some uneasiness': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1299; departure from Xian: Wu (Woo) Yong, pp. 95–6

2 ‘Long Live': Xin Xiuming, p. 30; not even sacked: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 8, p. 532; Wu (Woo) Yong, pp. 95–7

3 ‘appreciated and trusted': Wang Yanwei (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 4275–6; Cixi on Earl Li: Wang Yanwei (ed.), vol. 4, p. 4276; ‘in magnitude': Conger, pp. 212–15; heaping further honours: Wang Yanwei (ed.), vol. 4, p. 4283

4 Yuan Shikai cable: ibid.; heir-apparent's title: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 27, no. 712; Wu (Woo) Yong, pp. 80, 121; Zhang Zhidong, vol. 10, p. 8654; farewell to Woo: Wu (Woo) Yong, pp. 123–4

5 ‘extraordinarily smooth': First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, nos 768–9; to Beijing by train: Wang Yanwei (ed.), vol. 4, p. 4287; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 8, pp. 536–7; Conger, pp. 215–16; stopped short: cf. First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 8, p. 618; Shan Shiyuan 1997, pp. 452–3

6 pet monkey: Gao Shu, p. 130; honoured Pearl: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 27, no. 824

Chapter 27 Making Friends with Westerners (1902–7)

1 foreigners welcome to watch: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 8, p. 586; Conger, pp. 215–16; ‘dignified': Conger, p. 217; ‘The Court': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1301; reception for diplomatic ladies: Conger, pp. 217–23

2 Lady Townley: Townley, pp. 80–1, 100–2; Headland, p. 100

3 ‘These foreigners': Der Ling 2004, p. 286; ‘The Audiences': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1303; ‘to wheedle': Carl, p. 232

4 Other goodwill gestures: Sarah Conger's Diary, the Jewell Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 19 March 1904, 14–15 June 1904; Conger, p. 315; Carl, p. 209; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2005, vol. 2, p. 1261; Rongling, p. 23; Der Ling 2004, p. 148; further relationship with Conger: Sarah Conger's Diary, the Jewell Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1902–4, passim; Conger, p. 223ff.

5 ‘While there is': Conger, pp. 236, 290; dinner at American Legation: Conger, pp. 226–9; ‘plain in appearance': Headland, p. 206; Before long: Conger, p. 232ff.

6 Conger and Cixi met often: Conger, p. 236ff.

7 ‘Through Mrs Conger's': Boston Daily Globe, 1 January 1905; ‘China's Woman Ruler': Chicago Daily Tribune, 23 October 1904; ‘She orders women's feet': Chicago Daily Tribune, 23 October 1904; ‘we were seated': Conger, pp. 352–3; The Congers continued to receive: Sarah Conger interview, in Washington Post, 17 November 1908; Katharine Carl with Cixi: Carl

8 ‘Pitiable!': Headland, p. 32; In the Blue Room: New York Times, 19 February 1905; The Washington Post, 19 February 1905

9 Louisa Pierson's parents: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, pp. 1200, 1328; Zheng Xiaoxu, vol. 1, p. 505; ‘a Chinese girl kept by me': Hart, Journals, 1863–1866, p. 363; Hart's three children: ibid.; Pierson and Yu Keng, promotion: Zheng Xiaoxu, vol. 1, p. 505; Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, pp. 1200, 1328

10 ‘speaks French': New York Times, 9 November 1902; ‘presides over': Boston Globe, 26 October 1902; fancy-dress ball: Boston Daily Globe, 29 April 1901; son's marriage: Boston Globe, 26 October 1902; Chicago Daily, 17 October 1902; Chicago Daily Tribune, 2 November 1902; Atlanta Constitution, 21 June 1908; The two daughters: New York Times, 9 November 1902; Der Ling 1948

11 ‘now Rongling can': Rongling, p. 11; ‘very simple': ibid.; visit of Uchida Kōsai: Rongling, pp. 32–5

Chapter 27 Making Friends with Westerners (1902–7)

2 Lady Townley: Townley, pp. 80–1, 100–2; Headland, p. 100

3 ‘These foreigners': Der Ling 2004, p. 286; ‘The Audiences': Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1303; ‘to wheedle': Carl, p. 232

5 ‘While there is': Conger, pp. 236, 290; dinner at American Legation: Conger, pp. 226–9; ‘plain in appearance': Headland, p. 206; Before long: Conger, p. 232ff.

6 Conger and Cixi met often: Conger, p. 236ff.

8 ‘Pitiable!': Headland, p. 32; In the Blue Room: New York Times, 19 February 1905; The Washington Post, 19 February 1905

11 ‘now Rongling can': Rongling, p. 11; ‘very simple': ibid.; visit of Uchida Kōsai: Rongling, pp. 32–5

Chapter 29 The Vote! (1905–8)

1 ‘In foreign countries': Sheng Xuanhuai, vol. 2, p. 653; ‘England is': Der Ling 2004, p. 277

2 Ta Kung Pao articles: Fang Hanqi et al., pp. 31–2; ‘study their political systems': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 1, p. 1; ‘from the apex': Morse, vol. 3, p. 441

3 ‘high hopes': Dai Hongci, p. 314; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 31, no. 722; Zaize audience: Zaize, p. 685; epoch-making proclamation: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 1, pp. 43–4; Liang Qichao: Liang Qichao 2008, p. 240

4 draft outline of constitution: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 1, pp. 54–67; the future parliament: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 2, pp. 627–37; draft Electoral Regulation: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 2, pp. 667–84; the franchise: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 2, pp. 671–3

5 Cixi asked for a timetable: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 2, pp. 683–4; Prince Ching against schedule: Kong Xiangji 1998, p. 78; Officials opposed vote: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vols 1 and 2, passim; nine-year timetable: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 1, pp. 61–7

6 timetable inscribed on plaques: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 1, p. 68; Kong Xiangji 1998, p. 79; ‘conscience': Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 1, p. 68; Martin's comments: Martin 2005, pp. 197–9

Chapter 30 Coping with Insurgents, Assassins and the Japanese (1902–8)

1 ‘advantageous for China': Yun Yuding, in Kong Xiangji 2001, p. 387; Her diplomats: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2008, vol. 2, pp. 1466–78

2 contemplated appointing Zhang to Grand Council: e.g. Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 186–209; ‘these flames': Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The 1911 Revolution, vol. 2, pp. 501–22, 554–8; vol. 3, pp. 221–5, 272ff.; ‘to slaughter every Manchu': Xu Zaiping & Xu Ruifang, p. 188; photograph of the testimony in Palace Museum (ed.) 2002, vol. 11, p. 179

3 Qiu Jin: Xu Zaiping & Xu Ruifang, pp. 191–9; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The 1911 Revolution, vol. 3, pp. 37–46, 92–7, 187–214; Xia Xiaohong, pp. 289–302; Fu Guoyong; press not suppressed: cf. Xu Zaiping & Xu Ruifang, pp. 191–9; Xia Xiaohong, p. 294; Zhejiang 1911 Revolution Study Association & Zhejiang Provincial Library (eds.), p. 393; Cixi endorsed Qiu handling: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The 1911 Revolution, vol. 3, pp. 187–214; ‘no general disorders': New York Times, 16 November 1908

4 Nakanishi Shigetaro: Tōten Miyazaki, pp. 220, 223; A public decree charged Shen: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 29, no. 697; Shen death by bastinado: Kong Xiangji 1998, p. 58; newspapers' readers revolted: Fang Hanqi et al., p. 45; Western outrage: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, pp. 1374–5; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The 1911 Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 432, 478

5 declared that she loathed: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, pp. 5329–32; amnestied: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, p. 5191; Discussions about pardoning Liang: Li Yongsheng; Luo, bomb operator: Liang Qichao 2008, p. 224; Li Yongsheng. (cf. Jin Liang 1998, p. 20); footnote: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The 1911 Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 286–307; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 29, no. 697; Kong Xiangji 1998, pp. 54–7; Sang Bing, p. 335

6 Tiejun: Liang Qichao 2008, pp. 206, 225, 241; Sang Bing, pp. 338–40; Kong Xiangji 1998, pp. 68–71; Li Yongsheng; ‘Nothing could exceed': Freeman-Mitford, pp. 193, 198

7 ‘Don't make any move': Li Yongsheng; ‘See if she is alive': Der Ling 2004, pp. 234–5

8 Count Witte: Witte, pp. 107–9; prayed privately: Carl, pp. 207–8; Der Ling 2004, p. 269

9 ‘the tidiness of the streets': Fang Hanqi et al., pp. 15–16; ‘the ultimate goal': Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 3, pp. 28, 35; Yang Ki-Tak: Cockburn; Kaiser sent a message: Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 3, 39; cf. Rohl

10 ‘yellow peril': the Kaiser's interview with Dr William Hale, 19 July 1908, in Rohl, Appendix 2, pp. 345–7; ‘It's a year now': Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 3, pp. 38, 48; the Kaiser's interview with Dr William Hale, 19 July 1908, in Rohl, Appendix 2, p. 347; emissary to America: Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 3, pp. 44–9

11 ‘won the hatred': New York Times, 27 October 1909; Officer Cen: Cen Chunxuan, Yun Yuding et al., pp. 12–13; Yun Yuding, vol. 1, pp. 351–2; Zheng Xiaoxu, vol. 2, p. 1100; Kong Xiangji 2001, pp. 219–26; Kong Xiangji 2008, pp. 195–7; Sang Bing, pp. 266–70; Yang Tianshi, p. 178; Hu Sijing, p. 24; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, p. 5713; Grand Councillor Lin: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, p. 5713; Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 197; ‘less poise': Roosevelt Longworth, p. 102; Yuan ordered all new officials: Sato, pp. 363–4

12 target for assassination: Yang Tianshi, p. 173; Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 3, p. 28; Sato, p. 48; Zaifeng to Berlin: Wang Yanwei (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 4233–45; Rockhill, p. 53; Prince Su relationship with Japan and Guangxu: Liang Qichao 2008, p. 293; Pujia, Pujie et al., pp. 81, 88, 100, 304–15; Shanghai Cultural Relics Committee (ed.), p. 158; Jin Liang 1998, p. 24; Kamisaka, pp. 202–3, 214; footnote 1: Gao Shu, p. 158

13 court painter: Kong Xiangji 1998, pp. 54–5; Cixi confronted Su: Jin Liang 1998, p. 24; removed Su as Chief of Police: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, p. 5147; ‘sitting on a blanket of needles': Liang Qichao 2008, p. 293; reappointed Su: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, p. 5681; police force in hands of: Zhang Kaiyuan, p. 328; Su to Wang Zhao: Wang Zhao, p. 108

14 Japanese steamer: Liu Ruoyan; Wang Daocheng, in Lin Keguang et al., pp. 484–7; Palace Museum (ed.) 1932, vols 73–4, no. 5474; ‘The security': Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 183; Cixi becoming ill: Zhu Jinfu & Zhou Wenquan 1985, no. 1

15 experimental farm: Ma Zhongwen 2006, no. 5; Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 190 from Manchurian Viceroy: Palace Museum (ed.) 1932, vols 73–4, no. 5472ff.; Japanese minister to Beijing: Palace Museum (ed.) 1932, vols 73–4, nos 5506–7; Fukushima to Hunan: Palace Museum (ed.) 1932, vols 73–4, nos 5504–5; Cixi told Yuan and Zhang: Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 193; opera for Guangxu birthday: Ding Ruqin, pp. 273–6

Chapter 31 Deaths (1908)

1 ‘distant wind': Zhu Jinfu & Zhou Wenquan 1982, no. 3; Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 186; ‘The Emperor': Headland, pp. 165–8

2 Guangxu attempts to get away: Gao Shu, p. 154; Rongling and the watch: Rongling, pp. 10–11, 21–2, 31, 41; From summer 1908: Zhu Jinfu & Zhou Wenquan 1985, no. 1; Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 197

3 in 1877: First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds.), p. 8; endorsed educational programme: First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds.), p. 18; ‘As security for': Tibet Justice Center, www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties10.html; ‘Tibet has belonged': First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 30, no. 609; ‘No concession over sovereignty': Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, pp. 5234–5; Zhang Xiaohui & Su Yuan, pp. 48–9

4 Cixi cables to Dalai Lama: First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds.), p. 82ff.; cf. Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1432; Dalai Lama asked to meet Cixi: First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds.), p. 118ff.; Yintang's programme aborted: Guo Weiping; Talo (Draklo); problem about kneeling: First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds)., pp. 156–60

5 ‘sincerely loyal': First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds.), p. 169; Xu Baoheng, p. 214; ‘in order not to lose goodwill': Tsewang Dorje, p. 66; Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, pp. 201, 214, 217; She and the Dalai Lama agreed: First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds.), p. 169; Their first meeting: Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, pp. 205–7; First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds), pp. 151–3; birthday with the Dalai Lama: Rongqing, pp. 140–1; Zhu Jinfu & Zhou Wenquan 1985, no. 1

6 Prince Ching to Mausoleums: Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 217; Guangxu poisoned: Dai Yi; forensic examination findings in Qingshi yanjiu (Studies in Qing History), 2008, no. 4; Empress Longyu: Xin Xiuming, p. 34; Yun Yuding, vol. 1, p. 405; bed ‘unadorned': Du Zhongjun, p. 435; Grand Councillors: Lu Chuanlin, 1994, no. 3; Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, pp. 217–18; Zaifeng Regent and Puyi emperor: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 34, nos 922–3

7 ‘all key policies': First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 34, no. 935; ‘What does Your Highness': Headland, pp. 175–6; Guangxu's official will: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 34, no. 936; A night passed: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 34, nos 926–45; Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 218; ‘with my hand': Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 218; Cixi's will: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 34, no. 951; ‘I am critically ill': First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 34, no. 946

8 Longyu made ‘dowager empress': First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 34, no. 938; ‘a sad, gentle face': Headland, p. 202; ‘At the audiences': Headland, pp. 202–3; councillor ignored her: Lu Chuanlin 1994, no. 3

9 ‘magic earth': Xin Xiuming, p. 97

10 Regent against abdication: Pujia, Pujie et al., p. 83; Zaifeng resigned: Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 381; ‘All I desire': Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, pp. 385–6; Decree of Abdication: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2001, p. 234

Epilogue

1 agreed conditions for the abdication: Yu Bingkun et al., p. 287; broke into Cixi's tomb: Yu Bingkun et al., pp. 288–91; Puyi devastated: Aisin-Gioro Puyi, pp. 230–1

2 ‘Her people loved her': Buck, Foreword; ‘more articulate': ibid.