37 INDEX

Abeel, David

Aisin-Gioro clan 1.1, 21.1, 24.1, 29.1, 30.1

爱新觉罗

Albert, Prince

Alute, Miss 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 10.1

America: American Christian missionaries in China 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 6.1, 19.1, 22.1, 25.1, 27.1, 29.1; introduction of high-productivity foods into China from the continent 2.3; Burlingame Treaty, 1868 and 6.2, 6.3n, 22.2n; diplomatic presence in China 6.4, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 17.1, 21.1, 22.3, 23.1, 23.2, 25.2, 26.1, 27.2, 27.3, 27.4, 27.5, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 28.4, 30.1, 31.1; Zhigang visits 6.5 China sends students to 6.6, 22.4, 28.5; Sino-French War, 1884–5 and 12.4; Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 22.5, 22.6n; treatment of Chinese within 22.7; Boxers and 22.8, 22.9, 25.3, 25.4, 25.5, 25.6, 27.6, 27.7, 30.2; Cixi's American friends 27.8, 30.3; press begins to acknowledge Cixi's reforms 27.9; Cixi's wish to explore closer links with 30.4; Root–Takahira Agreement, 1908 30.5

Amherst, Lord

An Dehai see Little An

Anhui province 1.1, 26.1

Arrow (boat)

astrologer, court 2.1, 2.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1, 13.1

Backhouse, Sir Edmund 2.1, 2.2n

bastinado (punishment) 16.1, 20.1, 30.1

Beg, Yakub 12.1, 12.2

Beijing: Manchus take over 1.1; Inner City 1.2, 22.1, 22.2; Outer City 1.3, 22.3; at time of Cixi's birth 1.4; Cixi travels outside of for first time 1.5; legations see legations, Beijing; Western troops enter during Second Opium War, 1860 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1; Emperor Xianfeng and Cixi flee, 1860 2.2, 2.3; Cixi returns to, 1861 4.3; Boxers 9.1, 22.4, 22.5, 22.6, 23.1, 23.2, 23.3, 23.4; Western troops enter and occupy, 1900–1 9.2, 20.1, 23.5, 24.1, 25.1; Cixi flees, 1900 9.3, 23.6, 24.2, 25.2, 30.1; electricity in 11.1; railway in 11.2, 15.1, 18.1, 20.2, 26.1, 27.1, 28.1; flooding in 13.1; winter in 15.2; Armand David's collection of birds and animals in 15.3; first university in 19.1; Cixi returns to, 1901–2 26.2, 27.2, 28.2; see also Forbidden City

Beijing University

Beijing–Wuhan Railway 11.1, 15.1, 18.1, 20.1, 26.1, 27.1, 28.1

Beijing, Treaty of, 1860 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

Beitang Cathedral, Beijing

Benoist, Michel

‘bestowing silk' (ci-bo) 4.1, 9.1

Bi (employed to kill Cixi) 20.1, 20.2, 20.3

加拿大维多利亚华侨关炳

Binchun 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

Bird, Isabella 8.1, 8.2, 22.1

Bland, J. O. P.

Board of Regents 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4n, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 9.1

Boxers: Governor Bingheng's support for 18.1; birth of Boxers (Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists) (Yi-he-quan) 22.1; Cixi attempts to suppress 22.2; reaction to birth of by Western diplomats 22.3; Cixi endorses mobilisation of to defend Beijing from Western troops 22.4; Seymour Expedition 22.5; birth of Boxer War 22.6; Red Lanterners and 22.7; foreign troops enter Beijing to protect legations 22.8; ‘Hairies' (mao-zi) 22.9; ‘Secondary Hairies' 23.1, 23.2, 24.1; fighting with Western powers 23.3; China declares war on Western powers 22.10, 23.4; Boxers given legal status and organised under princes sympathetic to them 23.5; Boxers run wild 23.6; siege of Beijing legations 23.7; massacre of missionaries and Chinese Christians 23.8; Viceroys disobey Cixi's orders concerning 23.9, 23.10; Cixi sues for peace with Western powers 23.11; Cixi flees Beijing, 1900 23.12, 24.2, 25.1, 30.1; Western troops enter Beijing, 1900 24.3, 25.2; Boxer Protocol/Indemnity, 1901 25.3, 26.1, 26.2, 27.1, 30.2; Cixi returns to Beijing after 1901–2 26.3, 27.2, 28.1; Russia occupies parts of Manchuria during 30.3

义和团

Brenan, Acting British Consul-General Byron

Britain: First Opium War, 1839–42 and 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1; Second Opium War, 1856–60 and 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1; Hong Kong and 2.5, 2.6, 10.1, 18.1; Pekinese dogs brought to 2.7; Treaty of Beijing, 1860 and 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 5.2, 5.3, 17.1; co-operative policy with China 5.4; Burlingame mission and 6.2; treaties with China over borders of Burma (1886) and Sikkim (1888) 12.1; Japan buys ironclad boats from 16.1, 16.2; Sino-Japanese war, 1894–5 and 16.3, 16.4; leases Weihaiwei, Kowloon Peninsula and New Territory 18.2; Cixi and its parliamentary system 19.1, 29.1, 29.2, 29.3; condones Italian attempts to gain Chinese territory, 1899 22.1; Boxers and 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 23.1, 24.1, 25.1, 25.2; Wild Fox Kang and 20.1, 24.2; Boxer Protocol, 1901 and 25.3, 25.4; prohibition of opium trade and 28.1; treaty with China over Tibet, 1906 31.1

British Legation, Beijing 1.1, 5.1, 11.1n, 21.1, 23.1n, 25.1n, 27.1, 30.1

Brooks, Rev. S. M.

Brooks, Congressman Preston

Bruce, Frederick 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2

Buck, Pearl 28.1, epi.1

Buddhism 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 20.1, 23.1, 26.1, 27.1, 31.1

Burlingame Treaty, 1868 6.1, 6.2n, 22.1n

Burlingame, Anson

1861–7 美国驻华公使蒲安臣

Burma 12.1, 12.2

cangue (heavy wooden yoke worn as punishment)

Canton 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5n, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 4.1, 5.1n, 6.1, 11.1, 12.1, 19.1, 19.2, 22.1, 23.1, 24.1

Carl, Katharine 1.1, 9.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 21.1, 21.2n, 23.1n, 27.1, 28.1n, 28.2, 30.1

Castiglione, Giuseppe

Cen Chunxuan 30.1, 30.2, 30.3

Censors (yu-shi) 5.1, 15.1, 16.1, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 20.1, 20.2, 21.1

Chang Yinhuan, Sir: Russian seizure of Port Arthur, role in 18.1; knighthood 18.2, 20.1; receives medals from Emperor Guangxu 19.1; on Emperor Guangxu's change in favour of reform 19.2; Wild Fox Kang and 19.3, 19.4, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4; as Japanese agent 20.5, 20.6, 23.1; execution 20.7, 20.8, 24.1

英华

Chang Yintang

Chen Guorui, Commander (‘Big Chief Chen') 8.1, 8.2

Chen Lanbin

Chiang Kai-Shek epi.1, epi.2

Chiang Kai-shek, Madame 28.1, epi.1

China under the Empress Dowager (Backhouse) 2.1, 2.2n

China: after Cixi's death 31.1, epi.1; first ambassadors from 6.1; annual revenue 12.1, 25.1, 28.1; anti-Western feeling in 5.1, 8.1, 22.1, 23.1 see also Boxers; army and navy, modernisation of 5.2, 5.3, 11.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 16.6, 17.1, 17.2, 19.1, 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 28.2, epi.2; Boxers in see Boxers; civil service 5.4, 6.2; closed-door policy 2.1, 2.2, 5.5, 8.2; commerce made respectable in 28.3; conservative opposition to reform within 4.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 8.3, 10.1, 10.2, 11.2, 13.2, 16.7; Constitution Office 29.1; constitutional monarchy and elected parliament, steps towards 29.2, 30.1, 30.2; corruption in 1.1, 4.2, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 10.3, 12.4, 14.3, 16.8, 23.2, 25.2n, 25.3, 26.1, 29.3, 30.3; currency 2.3, 11.3, 13.3, 28.4; customs duties 2.4, 5.9, 5.10, 6.6, 11.4, 12.5, 16.9, 17.3, 18.1n, 25.4, 25.5n, 25.6, 27.1; debts 6.7, 7.1, 17.4, 18.2, 20.1, 25.7; droughts in 6.8, 11.5, 13.4, 22.5, 22.6, 22.7, 22.8, 23.3; economy/trade 1.2, 2.5, 2.6, 5.11, 5.12, 6.9, 6.10, 7.2, 8.4, 9.1, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 12.6n, 12.7, 13.5, 13.6, 15.3, 18.3, 18.4, 19.2, 24.1, 24.2, 28.5, 31.2, epi.3; educational reforms 5.13, 6.11, 6.12, 19.3, 25.8, 28.6, 28.7, 29.4, 29.5, 29.6, 29.7, epi.4; Electoral Regulation, 1908 29.8, 31.3; electricity introduced to 11.9, 12.8, 13.7, 13.8, 14.4, 18.5, 18.6, 28.8, epi.5; emperors see under individual emperor name; etiquette in 6.13, 6.14, 9.2, 13.9, 15.4, 18.7, 19.4, 27.2, 28.9; use of eunuchs in see eunuchs; exports 2.7, 5.14, 11.10, 19.5, 28.10, 28.11; famine in 1.3, 5.15, 11.11, 22.9; first movie made in 28.12; first national flag (Yellow Dragon) 11.12; foreign education as mandatory requirement for official posts 28.13; Foreign Office 5.16, 5.17, 5.18n, 5.19, 6.15, 6.16, 6.17, 8.5, 8.6, 11.13, 12.9, 13.10, 18.8, 18.9, 18.10, 19.6, 19.7, 20.2, 20.3, 21.1, 22.10, 22.11, 22.12, 22.13, 23.4, 28.14, 30.4; foreign powers scramble for pieces of empire 18.11, 22.14; Han Chinese begin to question and reject Manchu rule 28.15; Han Chinese required to abandon foot-binding 28.16, epi.6; ban on Han-Manchu intermarriage lifted 28.17, 30.5; imports 2.8, 2.9, 5.20, 5.21, 11.14, 11.15, 12.10, 12.11, 13.11, 13.12, 16.10, 25.9, 25.10, 28.18; industrialisation 5.22n, 5.23, 6.18, 6.19, 11.16, 11.17, 19.8; legal code 6.20, 7.3, 11.18, 22.15, 28.19, 28.20, 28.21, 30.6, 30.7; literacy in 1.4, 19.9, 29.9; literati in 1.5, 2.10, 4.3, 5.24, 8.7, 9.3, 11.19, 17.5, 20.4, 27.3, 29.10; under Mao epi.7; mining in 5.25, 5.26, 5.27, 5.28, 11.20, 12.12, 18.12; Ministry of Commerce 28.22; Ministry of Officials 1.6, 16.11; Ministry of Public Services 30.8; Ministry of Punishments 2.11, 20.5n, 30.9, 30.10, 30.11n; Ministry of Revenue 9.4, 14.5, 14.6, 16.12, 18.13, 18.14; Ministry of Rites 4.4, 16.13, 19.10, 19.11; missionaries to see missionaries; modernisation programmes 5.29, 6.21, 10.4, 11.21, 15.5, 19.12, 25.11, 26.2, 28.23 see also Cixi, Empress Dowager; natural disasters in 11.22, 12.13, 16.14; open door policy 2.12, 2.13, 5.30, 5.31, 5.32, 8.8, 12.14; opium smoking/trade and 2.14, 6.22, 9.5, 9.6n, 11.23, 13.13, 17.6, 18.15, 23.5, 28.24; policing 25.12, 29.11, 30.12; Political Affairs Office 26.3; poor treatment of Chinese abroad 22.16; population numbers 1.7, 2.15, 19.13, 25.13, 28.25, epi.8; Post Office 11.24; poverty in 7.4, 7.5, 11.25, 11.26, 11.27, 12.15, 12.16, 15.6, 15.7, 22.17, 25.14, epi.9; Preliminary Assembly set up, 1907 (Zi-zheng-yuan) 29.12; press, expansion of 28.26, 28.27, 29.13, 30.13; Provincial Assemblies 29.14; punishments in 1.8, 2.16, 4.5, 4.6, 5.33, 5.34, 6.23, 7.6, 12.17, 13.14, 16.15, 16.16, 20.6, 28.28, 30.14; railways introduced to 5.35, 5.36n, 5.37, 5.38, 11.28, 11.29, 11.30, 11.31, 12.18, 13.15, 15.8, 18.16, 18.17, 19.14, 19.15, 20.7, 22.18, 22.19, 25.15, 26.4, 28.29, 28.30, 29.15, 30.15, 31.4, epi.10; Reforms of 1898 19.16, 19.17, 19.18, 19.19, 20.8, 20.9, 20.10, 20.11, 20.12; relations with other nations see under individual nation name; becomes Republic 31.5; Republicanism in 24.3, 30.16, 31.6, 31.7; sanitation in 25.16; silver as currency of 1.9, 1.10, 2.17, 2.18, 3.1, 5.39, 5.40, 6.24, 9.7, 11.32, 11.33, 12.19, 15.9, 18.18, 19.20, 24.4, 26.5; state bank, founding of 18.19, 28.31; Taiping Rebellion see Taiping Rebellion; taxation 1.11, 17.7, 18.20, 25.17, 25.18n, 25.19, 29.16; telegraph/telephone 5.41, 5.42n, 5.43, 5.44, 11.34, 11.35, 12.20, 20.13, 22.20, 25.20, 31.8, epi.11; Tianjin anti-Christian riots, 1870 see Tianjin: anti-Christian riots, 1870; treaties with foreign nations see under individual treaty name; uprisings and mutinies in, 1911 31.9; vassal states 12.21, 12.22, 15.10, 16.17; wars and conflicts see under individual conflict or war name; women given more freedom in 28.32, 30.17

Chinese Eastern Railway 18.1, 19.1, 25.1

Ching, Prince 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 16.2, 21.1, 22.1, 22.2, 23.1, 24.1, 25.1, 25.2, 27.1, 29.1, 31.1

Chonghou, Imperial Commissioner 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 12.2

Chongqi, (father of Alute) 9.1, 9.2, 23.1, 24.1

Chongyi, Censor 20.1, 21.1

Chongqing

Christianity: ban on missionaries 2.1, 2.2, 2.3; Taiping rebels claim to believe in 2.4, 5.1; Zhigang averse to 6.1; riots against missions, 1870 8.1, 22.1, 27.1; Boxers and 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 23.1, 23.2, 25.1, 25.2

Chun, Prince: marriage 2.1, 2.2, 2.3n, 4.1; education 4.2; Cixi's coup and 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 8.1; privilege of not kneeling to Cixi in everyday meetings granted 6.1; Little An execution and 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2; demands Cixi expel all Westerners and close China's door 8.2; anti-Christian riots, 1870 and 8.3, 8.4; rebuilding of Old Summer Palace and 9.1; chooses burial spot for Emperor Tongzhi 9.2; nomination of son (Zaitian) as emperor, reaction to 10.2, 12.3, 13.1, 30.1; resignation from office 10.3; deaths of children 10.4; Cixi bestows favours on 10.5; becomes one of Cixi's keenest supporters 12.4, 12.5; Cixi involves in Xinjiang crisis 12.6; war with France turns into Cixi's ‘slave' 12.7; put in charge of Grand Council 12.8; reaction to imminent departure of Cixi in favour of Emperor Guangxu 13.2; death of 13.3, 15.1; modernisation of navy and 14.1, 15.2, 15.3; draws up the Statutes 15.4

醇亲王 奕譞

Church of England

Ci'an see Zhen, Empress

Cixi, Empress Dowager: selection as imperial consort 1.1, 1.2; names 1.3, 1.4n, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 4.1; family 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 2.2, 2.3, 8.1; education 1.11, 1.12; makes dresses/embroiders 1.13, 1.14; birth 1.15; childhood 1.16, 1.17; languages 1.18; semi-literate/writing 1.19, 5.1, 6.1; intelligence, intuitive 1.20, 4.2; self-confidence 1.21, 4.3; arbitrary punishment, attitude towards 1.22, 4.4; fresh air and unrestricted space, passionate about 1.23; corruption, attitude towards 1.24, 26.1; appearance 1.25; paintings of 1.26, 9.1, 27.1, 27.2, 28.1n; projection of authority 1.27, 5.2; enters harem 1.28; rank 1.29, 1.30, 1.31, 2.4; life in harem 1.32, 1.33, 2.5, 4.5, 4.6, 5.3, 6.2, 7.1; offers advice to Emperor Xianfeng 1.34; Empress Zhen and see Zhen, Empress; drawing/painting/calligraphy 1.35, 15.1, 15.2; opera, love of 1.36, 2.6, 13.1, 15.3, 15.4, 21.1; birth of son 1.37, 2.7, 2.8; flees Beijing during Second Opium War, 1860 2.9, 3.1, 3.2; role of during Second Opium War 2.10; childhood of son and 2.11; Old Summer Palace, rebuilding of see Old Summer Palace and Summer Palace; coup after death of Emperor Xianfeng, orchestrates 3.3, 4.7, 5.4, 7.2; becomes ‘Empress Dowager Cixi' 4.8; executions/killings, attitude towards 4.9, 5.5, 12.1, 16.1, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 23.1, 23.2, 23.3, 26.2, 28.2, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3n, epi.1; twenty-sixth birthday 4.10, 4.11; rules with Empress Zhen as Two Dowager Empresses 4.12, 5.6, 10.1; coronation of son and 4.13, 4.14; rule behind her son's throne 5.7; open foreign policy/pushes for amicable relations with West 5.8, 5.9, 8.2, 12.2, 12.3; yellow silk screen, conducts audiences from behind 5.10, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 8.3, 9.2, 10.2, 20.4, 27.3; Prince Gong and see Gong, Prince; role as main decision maker 5.11; encourages/tolerates criticisms 5.12, 5.13, 28.3, 29.1, 30.4; studies/takes lessons to improve her education 5.14; use of Western powers in defeating the Taiping Rebellion 5.15; quick to learn about the West and to grasp its ideas 5.16; promotion of Han personages 5.17; restores peace to China after Taiping Rebellion 5.18; recovery of Chinese economy under 5.19, 7.3, 28.4; expansion of foreign trade under 5.20, 11.1, 11.2; modernisation programmes 5.21, 6.6, 10.3, 11.3, 15.5, 19.1, 25.1, 26.3, 28.5; reaction to Western arrogance 5.22; industrialisation of China under 5.23n, 5.24, 6.7, 6.8, 11.4, 19.2; introduction of railway into China and 5.25, 11.5, 12.4, 13.2, 15.6, 18.1, 19.3, 26.4, 28.6; army and navy, modernisation of under 5.26, 11.6, 12.5, 12.6, 14.1, 14.2, 15.7, 16.2, 16.3, 19.4, 28.7; government of rejects some machine-age projects 5.27; ancestral tombs, attitude towards 5.28; Buddhism 5.29, 14.3, 20.5, 23.4, 26.5; conservative opponents to reforms of 6.9, 6.10, 6.11, 8.4, 10.4, 10.5, 11.7, 13.3, 16.4; educational reforms 6.12, 6.13, 19.5, 28.8; sends travellers overseas 6.14, 13.4; sends first ambassador abroad 6.15, 11.8; Grand Tutor Weng and see Weng, Grand Tutor; allows sending of teenagers to America for education 6.16, 19.6; Emperor Tongzhi (Cixi's son) takes over power from 6.17, 7.4, 7.5, 9.3; falls in love with Little An 7.6; eunuchs and 7.7, 9.4, 13.5, 14.4, 15.8, 15.9, 15.10, 20.6, 24.1, 30.5; dislike of Forbidden City 7.8; execution of Little An and 7.9, 8.5, 8.6, 12.7, 12.8; nervous breakdown 7.10, 9.5; Prince Chun and see Chun, Prince; Tianjin riots against Christian missions, 1870 and 8.7, 8.8; mother dies 8.9; Emperor Tongzhi's childhood and 9.6; Emperor Tongzhi's wedding and 9.7, 9.8; Emperor Tongzhi's rule and 9.9; Earl Li and see Li, Earl; death of son (Emperor Tongzhi) and 9.10, 10.6; deaths blamed upon 9.11, 9.12, 13.6, 20.7, 31.1; rules through adopted son 10.7; designation of monarch after death of Tongzhi/announcement of adoption of son for late husband 10.8; return to power after death of Emperor Tongzhi 10.9, 11.9; modernisation of Imperial Examinations and 11.10, 19.7, 20.8; efforts to end use of Chinese for slave-labour 11.11; threat of Japan and 11.12, 16.5, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 30.6; China's first national flag, role in 11.13; telegraph introduced under 11.14, 12.9; coal-mining begins under 11.15, 12.10; electricity introduced under 11.16; currency, birth of national 11.17, 13.7, 28.9; textile factories, rejects idea of 11.18; recapture of Xinjiang and 12.11; vassal states and 12.12, 12.13, 15.11, 16.6; nervous collapse, 1878 12.14; Sino-French War and 1884–5 12.15, 12.16n; fiftieth birthday 12.17; treaties with foreign powers concerning Chinese borders 12.18; announces retirement and cessation of power to adopted son, 1889 12.19; legacy of reign through adopted son 12.20; toleration of religious practice 12.21, 29.2; increase in China's annual revenue under 12.22, 28.10; shape of modern China and 12.23; Emperor Guangxu, relationship with see Guangxu, Emperor; Empress Zhen's death and 13.8; announces that she would ‘continue to act as Guardian for a few more years' 13.9; Emperor Guangxu wedding and 13.10; forced to retire in favour of Emperor Guangxu 13.11, 14.5; reduced influence under reign of Emperor Guangxu 13.12, 15.12, 15.13; building of Yi-he-yuan (the Gardens of Nurturing Harmony) and 14.6, 16.7 see also Summer Palace; self-delusion 14.7, 16.8; Statutes bar access to government reports 15.14, 16.9; formal move into Summer Palace 15.15; Lee Lianying and 12.24, 15.16; loneliness 15.17; daily routine 15.18; hair loss 15.19; dress 15.20, 15.21; make-up 15.22; morning toilette 15.23; meals 15.24; tea drinking 15.25; foot massage 15.26; manicure 15.27; k'ang and 15.28, 15.29, 27.4; bedside reading 15.30; health 15.31, 30.7, 31.2, 31.3, 31.4; plants, adoration of 15.32; orchard 15.33; gardens, passion for 15.34, 27.5, 27.6; birds and animals, love of 15.35; dogs, breeding/love of 15.36, 27.7; parlour games 15.37; Peking Opera expanded under 15.38; prejudices against women, detests 15.39; Sino-Japanese War, 1894–5 and 16.10, 16.11, 16.12, 16.13, 16.14, 17.1, 17.2, 20.9; sixtieth birthday celebrations 16.15, 16.16, 17.3; reputation plummets 16.17; seventieth birthday 16.18, 28.11, 28.12; acts to gain access to government reports 16.19; allowed access to government reports 16.20, 18.5; tackles Emperor Guangxu's favourite concubine 16.21; separates Emperor Guangxu from his friends and closes his study 16.22, 18.6; prevents policy-making privately between Emperor Guangxu and Grand Tutor Weng 16.23; Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895 and 17.4, 17.5, 17.6, 18.7, 18.8, 20.10, 25.2; war and peace with Japan blamed on 17.7; returns to retirement after war with Japan 18.9; loyalty, inspires 18.10, 24.2; influence at court returns 18.11; Russo–Chinese Secret Treaty, 1896 and 18.12, 18.13, 18.14; state bank, attitude towards idea of 18.15, 28.13; concentrates on pursuing pleasure 18.16; sister dies 18.17; attempts to use tax from domestically grown opium for full restoration of Old Summer Palace 18.18; foreign powers scramble for Chinese territory and 18.19, 18.20; Emperor Guangxu actively seeks advice from 19.8; ‘Announcement of the Fundamental Policy of the State' and 19.9; cooperation with Emperor Guangxu in reforms 19.10; Beijing University founding and 19.11; importing of machines to process raw materials and turn them into manufactured goods for export, role in 19.12; Wild Fox Kang and 19.13, 19.14, 19.15, 20.11, 21.2, 24.3, 30.8; reaction to Emperor Guangxu's alliance with Wild Fox Kang 19.16, 19.17; plots to kill 20.12, 21.3, 30.9; Emperor Guangxu becomes Cixi's puppet after failed plot to kill her 20.13; punishments for those involved in plot to kill 20.14; covers up plot against her life 20.15; represented as a debauched despot 20.16; action against officials in the Kang case 20.17; accused of killing Reform movement 20.18; security around Emperor Guangxu, installs 20.19; detests her adopted son 21.4; false impression abroad of reactionary nature 21.5, 21.6; desperation to dethrone her adopted son 21.7; attempts to overcome bad overseas image with tea party for ladies of the diplomatic corps 21.8, 22.1; nomination of heir-apparent to Emperor Guangxu 21.9; legations take side of adopted son 22.2; Italian attempt to gain Chinese territory, 1899 and 22.3, 22.4,

慈禧太后

孝钦显皇后（1835年-1908年），叶赫那拉氏，即慈禧太后，初为兰贵人。
1852年入宫，赐号兰贵人（清史稿记载懿贵人），次年晋封懿嫔；
1856年生皇长子爱新觉罗·载淳（同治帝），晋封懿妃，次年晋封懿贵妃；
1861年咸丰帝驾崩后，与孝贞显皇后两宫并尊，称圣母皇太后，上徽号慈禧；
后联合慈安太后（即孝贞）、恭亲王奕訢发动辛酉政变，诛顾命八大臣，夺取政权，
形成“二宫垂帘，亲王议政”的格局。
清政府暂时进入平静时期，史称同治中兴。
1873年两宫太后卷帘归政。
1875年同治帝崩逝，择其侄子爱新觉罗·载湉继咸丰大统，年号光绪，两宫再度垂帘听政；
1881年慈安太后去世，又因1884年慈禧发动“甲申易枢”罢免恭亲王，开始独掌大权；
1889年归政于光绪，退隐颐和园；
1898年，戊戌变法中帝党密谋围园杀后，慈禧发动戊戌政变，囚光绪帝，斩戊戌六君子，再度训政；
1900年庚子国变后，实行清末新政，对兵商学官法进行改革。
1908年，光绪帝崩逝后，即日尊为太皇太后，慈禧选择三岁的溥仪做为新帝，次日崩逝，葬于定东陵。

Cockburn, Henry 21.1, 30.1

Confucius 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2n, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 16.1n, 16.2, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 28.1, 29.1

Conger, Edward H.

Conger, Sarah 21.1, 22.1, 23.1, 23.2, 25.1, 26.1, 27.1, 27.2, 27.3, 27.4, 27.5, 27.6, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 28.4, 30.1

萨拉·康格

Constitution Office

Cornell University

Cuba

Cui

customs duties 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 11.1, 12.1, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1n, 25.1, 25.2n, 25.3, 27.1

Dagu Forts 2.1, 2.2, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 22.1, 22.2, 23.1, 25.1

大沽口炮台

Dalai Lama, thirteenth (Thubten Gyatso)

达赖喇嘛

Daoguang, Emperor 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3n, 6.1

道光帝

David, Armand

death by a thousand cuts (ling-chi) 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2. 6.1, 7.1, 13.1, 28.1

凌迟

Denby, Charles 12.1, 12.2, 17.1, 18.1

Deng Shichang

Department of the Nobles

Der Ling 15.1, 27.1, 30.1, 30.2n

德龄

Dethève, Dr 13.1, 21.1

Ding Baozhen 7.1, 7.2, 10.1

丁宝桢

Dingjun Mountain, The (film)

定军山

Dong Fuxiang

Duan, Prince 21.1, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 23.1, 23.2, 23.3, 25.1, 26.1

Duanfang, Viceroy 28.1, 28.2, 31.1

Dufferin, Lord

Dunne, Captain Hart

Edward VII, King

Edwards, E. H.

Elements of International Law (Wheaton)

Electoral Regulation, 1908 29.1, 31.1

Elgin, Lord 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 25.1

Enming

eunuchs: royal concubines subsidise allowance by selling their embroidery through 1.1; presence in harem 1.2; Emperor's sex life and 1.3, 1.4; Cixi and 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, 15.7, 15.8, 15.9, 15.10, 17.1, 20.1, 21.1, 28.1, 28.2, 31.1; Music Department and 1.7; opera and 1.8, 9.1; Little An's relationship with Cixi 7.2, 12.1; travel outside Forbidden City 7.3, 12.2; life of 7.4; castration 7.5, 28.3; punishments meted out to 7.6, 9.2, 12.3, 16.1, 20.2, 30.1; ‘sunset call' 9.3; Lee Lianying see Lee Lianying; Emperor Guangxu and 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 20.3, 21.2, 31.2, 31.3; tips for 13.6, 16.2; observe that Cixi is ‘extremely thrifty' 14.2; Boxers and 23.1, 23.2, 23.3, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3; relaxation of laws for 28.4, 28.5

Ever-victorious Army 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

Favier, Pierre-Marie-Alphonse

Fengxiu, Miss 9.1, 9.2

Ferry, Jules 12.1, 12.2

Fontanier, Henri 8.1, 8.2

foot-binding 1.1, 15.1, 27.1, 27.2, 28.1, epi.1

Forbidden City 1.1; selection of consorts and 1.2, 1.3; Gate of Divine Prowess 1.4; harem (hou-gong) 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2; treasures melted down 1.7; Cixi's mother invited into to look after daughter in 2.2; funeral of Emperor Xianfeng and 4.3; coronation of Emperor Tongzhi in 4.4, 4.5; Hall of Supreme Harmony 4.6, 13.1; main part of out of bounds for women 4.7; officials travel into 5.1; Cixi's dislike of 7.1; eunuchs in 7.2, 7.3 see also eunuchs; operas staged in 7.4, 15.1; ban on music in 7.5, 9.1; shunning of Western goods in 8.1; Emperor Tongzhi sneaks out of to visit prostitutes 9.2, 9.3, 9.4; Emperor Tongzhi's wedding and 9.5, 9.6, 9.7; replica of within mausoleums 9.8; cold and impersonal 13.2; Emperor Guangxu first arrives at 13.3; Cixi moves out of into the Sea Palace 13.4; Gate of Supreme Harmony 13.5; fire in before Emperor Guangxu's wedding, 1889 13.6, 13.7, 14.1; flood waters lash at walls of 13.8; executions in 20.1, 23.1, 26.1, 30.1; doctor from French Legation enters to examine Emperor Guangxu 21.1; Boxers and 23.2, 23.3, 25.1, 25.2; Cixi's return to after invasion 26.2; Cixi hosts diplomatic corps in 27.1; Puyi expelled from, 1924 epi.1

Foreign Office, Chinese 5.1, 5.2, 5.3n, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 19.1, 19.2, 20.1, 20.2, 21.1, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 23.1, 28.1, 30.1

Fournier, Commandant 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

France: Opium Wars and 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3; Chinese Treaty with, 1860 3.5, 17.1; Burlingame mission and 6.1; Zhigang in 6.2; Tianjin riot, 1870 and 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4; Chinese engineers sent to 11.1, 11.2; Sino-French War, 1884–5 12.1, 12.2n, 16.1, 16.2; treaties over borders of Vietnam 12.3; leases Guangzhouwan 18.1; Boxers and 22.1; Boxer Protocol, 1901 and 25.1

Freeman-Mitford, Algernon 1.1, 5.1, 5.2n, 5.3, 5.4, 8.1, 8.2, 30.1

Freycinet, Charles de

Fujian province 11.1, 18.1

Fukushima Yasumasa, Lieutenant-General

Fuzhou 12.1, 12.2, 31.1

George III, King 2.1, 2.2

Germany: Chinese army cadets in 11.1; reaction to idea of China controlled by Japan 17.1; acquisition of Qingdao 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 23.1; Prince Heinrich pays visit to Chinese court 19.2, 21.1; Emperor Guangxu's attitude towards 19.3, 19.4; snatches port of Shandong, 1897 22.1; Boxers and 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 22.5n, 23.2, 23.3, 24.1, 25.1; Boxer Protocol, 1901 and 25.2, 30.1; offer of Entente Cordiale with China 30.2

Gioja, Flavio n

Giquel, Prosper 5.1, 12.1

Gladstone, William

God of Agriculture

God of Fire

God of Rain 22.1, 22.2, 22.3

God of the River

God of the Silkworm

Goddess of Blisters 9.1, 9.2

Gong, Prince: treaties with Britain, France and Russia, 1860 3.1, 3.2; appearance 3.3; Cixi's coup and 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4; heads Grand Council 5.1, 5.2, 11.1, 12.1; leads Foreign Office 5.3, 5.4; Taiping Rebellion and 5.5, 5.6; Hart and 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10; importance to Cixi's rule 6.1; reprimanded for arrogance 6.2; Tongwen College and 6.3, 6.4; Burlingame and 6.5; calls for Little An's execution 7.1; Tianjin riots, 1870 and 8.1, 8.2, 8.3; rebuilding of Old Summer Palace and 9.1, 9.2; illness of Emperor Tongzhi and 9.3; Cixi's designation of new emperor (Guangxu) and 10.1; Chun's resignation and 10.2; Sino-French War, 1884–5 and 12.2; health 12.3; Cixi dismisses 12.4, 12.5, 13.1; reinstated and made chief Grand Councillor 16.1; peace terms with Japan and 17.1, 18.1; moves to Summer Palace 18.2; German demand for territory and 18.3; death of 19.1

恭亲王奕䜣（1833～1898）

Gordon, Charles (Chinese) 2.1, 5.1, 5.2n, 12.1

Grand Adviser 4.1, 6.1

Grand Council 1.1; Board of Regents and 4.1; Two Dowager Empresses and 4.2; Prince Gong as head of 5.1, 5.2, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1; Cixi and 5.3, 5.4, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 12.3, 12.4, 15.1, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 16.6, 29.1, 30.1; Prince Chun as head of 12.5; Weng and 16.7, 16.8; Pearl affair and 16.9; Sino-Japanese war 1894–5 and 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3; gifts to Councillors 19.1; role in decision-making process 1.2, 19.2, 29.2; plot to kill Cixi and 19.3, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3; Boxers and 22.1, 24.1; Ching as head of 29.3; lack of Han influence in 30.2; Japanese influence in curtailed 30.3; Cixi's will and 31.1

Grand Princess (Emperor Xianfeng's daughter) 2.1, 2.2, 9.1

Grant, General 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

Grant, Ulysses S.

Great Wall 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 3.1, 22.1

Gros, Baron 2.1, 2.2

Guangdong province

Guangxi province 1.1, 12.1

Guangxu, Emperor (Zaitian): designated monarch 10.1, 13.1; Cixi's relationship with 13.2; names for Cixi 13.3, 13.4; death of Empress Zhen and 13.5; childhood 13.6; education 13.7, 13.8, 16.1; Grand Tutor Weng and see Weng, Grand Tutor; Confucian ideals 13.9, 13.10, 13.11, 13.12, 13.13; timidity and physical weakness 13.14; accession to throne 13.15, 13.16; forced begging of Cixi not to retire, reaction to 13.17; health 13.18, 21.1; wedding 13.19; temper of 13.20; relationship with Cixi deteriorates 13.21, 13.22; wife and 13.23; sex life 13.24, 13.25; allows Cixi's reforms to lapse 13.26; frets about ‘hard life of the people' 13.27; learns English 13.28; audience with diplomatic corps 13.29; reduced influence of Cixi under reign of 15.1; shelves modernisation projects 15.2, 16.2, 16.3, 18.1; halts purchases for army and navy 16.4, 16.5; Sino-Japanese War 1894–5 and 16.6, 16.7, 16.8, 17.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1; Cixi tackles favourite concubine of 16.9; allows Cixi access to official papers 16.10; Cixi separates friends from 16.11, 18.4; Cixi closes study of 16.12, 18.5; becomes more submissive towards Cixi after Japanese war 18.6; state of inertia and cluelessness concerning reforms 18.7; biological mother dies 18.8; reaction to German attempt to seize Qingdao 18.9; Russian seizure of Port Arthur, reaction to 18.10; visit of Prince Heinrich of Germany and 19.1; actively seeks advice from Cixi/comes round to Cixi's ideas of reforms 19.2; ‘Announcement of the Fundamental Policy of the State' and 19.3; Wild Fox Kang and 19.4, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4, 20.5, 21.2, 21.3; latent bitterness towards Cixi 19.5; hatred of Russia 19.6; Russo–Chinese Secret Treaty, 1896 and 19.7, 19.8; dismissal of officials en masse 19.9, 20.6; appoints Kang's friends to office 19.10; breaks working arrangement with Cixi 19.11; plot to kill Cixi and 20.7, 20.8, 20.9, 21.4, 21.5; becomes Cixi's puppet after failed plot to kill her 20.10, 21.6; declining health 21.7, 21.8, 30.1, 31.1; French Legation doctor examines 21.9; Cixi's rule after failed plot to kill and 21.10; Temple of Heaven visits 21.11, 21.12; Ploughing Rite 21.13; no taste for luxury 21.14, 21.15n; nomination of heir-apparent and 21.16; foreign legations push for audience with 21.17; legations take side of 22.1; Italian attempts to gain Chinese territory and 22.2; Boxers and 22.3; flees Beijing 23.1, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3; killing of concubine Pearl and 23.2, 26.1; contrast between Cixi and 24.4; power shift between Cixi and 24.5, 27.1; conditions of captivity on return from exile 31.2; poisoning of 31.3; succession 31.4; will 31.5

光绪帝 载湉

Guanyin, Goddess of Mercy 5.1, 28.1

Guixiang, Duke 13.1, 13.2, 21.1, 21.2, 29.1

桂祥（1849年-1913年）慈禧的弟弟,隆裕太后-叶赫那拉·静芬之父

Guo Songtao

郭嵩焘

Han Chinese 1.1, 1.2n, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 5.1, 15.1, 15.2, 22.1, 24.1, 28.1, 29.1, 30.1

Hart, Robert 13.1, 17.1; Inspector General of Customs 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 11.1, 12.1, 25.1, 25.2, 25.3n, 25.4, 25.5; memorandum on modernisation of China 5.3, 5.4n; Martin and 6.3; memorandum on expansion of foreign trade 11.2, 11.3; on Sino-French War, 1884–5 12.2; on Japan's withdrawal of troops from Korea 16.1; on natural disasters, 1890 16.2; Sino-Japanese War, 1894–5 and 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 16.6, 17.2, 17.3, 18.1; opium production and 18.2; restoration of Old Summer Palace and 18.3; on Timothy Richard 20.1; on Cixi's receptions for diplomatic corps and families 21.1, 27.1, 27.2; on Italian attempts to gain Chinese territory 22.1; Boxers and 25.6; Boxer Protocol, 1901 and 25.7, 25.8, 25.9, 26.1; lives with Chinese girl 27.3; meetings with Cixi 28.1

罗伯特·赫德（1835年2月20日-1911年9月20日）

Headland, Mrs Isaac 2.1, 2.2, 8.1, 16.1, 28.1, 31.1

Heinrich of Germany, Prince 19.1, 21.1

Henderson, Mrs

Hohenlohe, Prince

Hong Kong 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 6.1, 10.1, 18.1, 20.1, 24.1, 25.1

Hong Xiuquan 2.1, 5.1, 5.2

Hsingling

馨龄

Hsü Chi-she 6.1, 6.2n, 6.3

Hugo, Victor

Huixing, Madame

Huizheng (father) 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

Hung Jun

Hunting Lodge, Chengde 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 14.1

承德避暑山庄

Ignatieff, Michael

Ignatieff, Nicholas

Ili, Xinjiang province 12.1, 12.2n, 18.1

Imperial Apology, 1852

Imperial Examinations 1.1, 4.1, 9.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 17.1, 19.1, 20.1

Imperial Observatory 2.1, 8.1

Imperial Princess (Cixi's adopted daughter) 23.1, 27.1, 28.1

Imperial Telegraph Administration

Inner Mongolia

Inukai Tsuyoshi

Italy 22.1, 22.2n, 22.3, 22.4, 22.5, 22.6, 25.1n

Itō Hirobumi, Count 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4, 20.5, 20.6, 21.1, 23.1, 30.1

伊藤博文

Jade, Imperial Concubine 13.1, 16.1, 16.2, 18.1, 23.1

瑾妃

Japan 11.1, 18.1; Cixi's responses to threat of 11.2, 16.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 30.1; attempts to take Taiwan 11.3, 11.4, 12.1; Liuqiu (Ryukyu) Islands annexed by 12.2; war with China, 1894–5 14.1, 15.1, 16.2, 18.5, 19.1, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 22.1, 23.1, 24.1, 26.1; Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895 and 17.1, 18.6, 18.7, 20.4, 20.5, 22.2; Russo-Chinese Secret Treaty, 1896 and 18.8, 18.9, 19.2; mood among educated Chinese softens towards 20.6; Wild Fox Kang and 20.7, 20.8, 20.9, 20.10, 20.11, 20.12, 20.13, 20.14, 21.1, 24.2, 24.3, 30.2, 30.3, 30.4; plots to kill Cixi and 20.15, 20.16, 20.17, 20.18, 20.19, 20.20, 20.21, 30.5, 30.6; Cixi sends officials to in ruse designed to neutralise 21.2; Boxers and 22.3, 23.2, 24.4; Boxer Protocol, 1901 and 25.1; Manchuria tensions with Russia 27.1; Chinese students in 28.1; Russo-Japanese War, 1904–5 30.7; all but annexes Korea, 1907 30.8; Emperor Puyi and epi.1; invades China epi.2; Second World War and epi.3

Jellicoe, Captain

Jenks, Jeremiah

Jesuits 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 8.1

Jiao

Jiaozhou Bay

Johnson, President Andrew

Judicious Punishment Department

Junglu 4.1, 10.1, 10.2, 19.1, 20.1, 20.2, 21.1, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 23.1, 23.2, 24.1, 30.1, 30.2n

荣禄

Kaifeng 26.1, 26.2

Kaiping 11.1, 11.2

Kang, Guangren 19.1, 20.1

Kang Youwei see Wild Fox Kang

Kangxi, Emperor 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 21.1

kao-niu (captives bound and cuffed in manner of)

Kawashima Naniwa

Ketteler, Baron von 22.1, 22.2n, 30.1

Keyl, Friedrich

Kinder, Claude W.

Korea 12.1, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2n, 16.3, 16.4, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3

Kotaro Munakata

Kou Liancai n

Kow-shing (ship)

Kowloon Peninsula

kowtow 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1, 10.1, 13.1, 24.1, 30.1

Lang Son

Laos

Lee Lianying 12.1, 15.1, 15.2, 24.1, 24.2, 28.1, 28.2, 30.1n, 31.1, 31.2 legations, Beijing: Emperor Xianfeng and 3.1, 5.1; anti-Christian riots, 1870 and 8.1; wedding of Emperor Tongzhi and 9.1; apply for audience with Emperor Tongzhi with exemption from kowtow 9.2; French Legation doctor examines Emperor Guangxu 21.1; sympathy with Emperor Guangxu 21.2, 21.3, 22.1; Cixi attempts to charm 21.4, 27.1, 30.2; Boxers and 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 22.5, 22.6, 22.7, 23.1, 23.2n, 25.1, 27.2; siege of Legation Quarter, 22.8, 23.3, 23.4n, 25.2n see also under individual nation name

李莲英

Li Bai

Li Bingheng, Governor 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 23.1

李秉衡 山东巡抚

Li, Earl (Li Hongzhang): Taiping Rebellion and 5.1, 5.2, 5.3; promotion of Han personages and 5.4; opposes modernisation projects 5.5; Westerners high regard for 5.6; backs sending teenagers to America for education 6.1; Tianjin riot, 1870 and 8.1; Viceroy of Zhili 8.2, 23.1, 26.1; Cixi consults on issue of envoys kowtow 9.1; Cixi discusses stragety for modernisation with 11.1; slave-labour trade and 11.2; purchase of ironclad ships, role in 11.3; argues for introduction of railway 11.4; asks for permission to build textile factories 11.5; proposes letting Xinjiang go 12.1; Sino-French War, 1884, negotiator during 12.2, 12.3, 12.4; reaction to imminent departure of Cixi in favour of Emperor Guangxu 13.1, 13.2; rule of Emperor Guangxu and 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3; Summer Palace and 14.1; Sino-Japanese War, 1894–5 and 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 16.6, 16.7, 16.8; Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895 and 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 18.1, 18.2; Russo–Chinese Secret Treaty, 1896, negotiates 18.3, 18.4; sacked and fined for ‘trespassing into a royal estate' 18.5; end of political partnership with Cixi 18.6; German seizure of Qingdao and 18.7; Russian seizure of Port Arthur, role in 18.8; reaction on hearing of plans to employ Itō as adviser 20.1; Timothy Richard and 20.2; opposition to removal of Emperor Guangxu 21.1; Boxers and 22.1, 22.2, 23.2, 23.3; negotiates Boxer Protocol, 1901 24.1, 24.2, 25.1, 25.2, 26.2; loses composure in presence of Cixi 24.3; death of 26.3; General Yuan steps into shoes of 28.1; never a member of Grand Council 30.1

李鸿章

Liang Qichao 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 20.1, 20.2, 28.1, 29.1, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3

梁启超

Liaodong Peninsula 16.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2

Lin Shaonian, Grand Councillor

Lin Zexu 2.1, 2.2

Lincoln, Abraham

Lishan, Lord Chamberlain

Little An (An Dehai) 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 12.1, 12.2

安德海

Liu Bei

Liu Kunyi, Viceroy 24.1, 24.2

Liuqiu (Ryukyu) Islands 12.1, 12.2, 16.1

Longyu, Empress 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 21.1, 23.1, 31.1, 31.2

隆裕皇后

Lu

Luttrell, Lieutenant Fownes

Ma Xinyi, Viceroy 8.1, 30.1

Macartney, Lord 2.1, 2.2n, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 9.1, 19.1

MacDonald, Lady 21.1, 21.2

MacDonald, Sir Claude 20.1, 20.2, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 24.1

Manchu people: history of 1.1, 1.2n; hairstyle 1.3, 15.1; foot-binding and 1.4, 15.2; language 1.5, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 9.1, 13.1, 13.2, 16.1; emperor's concubines as solely 1.6, 1.7; dress 1.8, 15.3, 27.1, 27.2, 27.3; milk drinking 1.9, 15.4; emperor's wet-nurse as 2.3; posture of aristocratic 3.1; dancing 9.2; tea-drinking 15.5; nails 15.6; Inner City and 22.1; Grand Council dominated by 22.2; cuisine 24.1; Han-Manchu intermarriage 28.1; Han begin to question and reject rule of 28.2, 30.1, 30.2; reforms affect power of 30.3, 30.4; Cixi worries over fate of after her death 31.1, epi.1

Manchukuo 30.1, epi.1

Manchuria 1.1, 1.2n, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 25.1, 27.1, 27.2, 30.1n, 30.2, 30.3, 30.4, 30.5, 30.6, epi.1

Mao Zedong

Martin, W. A. P. 6.1, 6.2, 19.1, 25.1, 29.1

Maugham, W. Somerset

Mausoleum, Eastern 9.1, 9.2, 15.1, 25.1, 26.1, 27.1, 31.1

Mausoleum, Western 25.1, 27.1

Meiji, Emperor of Japan 16.1, 16.2

Miao, Lady 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 16.1

Michel, Sir John

Ming dynasty 1.1, 11.1

Ministry of Commerce

Ministry of Finances

Ministry of Officials 1.1, 16.1

Ministry of Public Services

Ministry of Punishments 2.1, 20.1n, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3n

Ministry of Revenue 9.1, 14.1, 14.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2

Ministry of Rites 4.1, 16.1, 19.1, 19.2

missionaries, Western 2.1, 2.2n, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1, 11.1, 15.1, 19.1, 20.1, 25.1, 27.1, 28.1, 29.1, 30.1; mapping of China 2.3; Opium Wars force China to accept 2.4, 2.5; anti-Christian riot, Tianjin, 1870 and 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 12.1; freedom of during Cixi's rule 12.2, 15.2; German attempt to seize Qingdao and 18.1; Boxers and 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 23.1, 23.2, 25.2, 25.3; advocate ban on opium trade 28.2

传教士

Mongolia 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 13.1, 29.1, 31.1, 31.2

Monkey King, The (play) 15.1, 22.1

Montauban, General de 2.1, 2.2

Moon Festival, 1896

Morse, H. B. 12.1, 19.1, 28.1

Music Department, Chinese court's 1.1, 15.1, 15.2, 28.1

Muslim army 22.1, 22.2, 23.1

Nakanishi Shigetaro

Nanjing 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 8.1, 23.1, 24.1, 31.1; Treaty of, 1842 2.4, 2.5, 2.6

Napoleon, Emperor 18.1, 27.1

Napoleon III, Emperor 2.1, 6.1

Nepal

New Territory

New York Times 18.1, 20.1, 27.1, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3

Nicholas I, Tsar

Nicholas II, Tsar 18.1, 27.1

Nie

North China Herald 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 20.1, 30.1

Northern Fleet 12.1, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2

北洋舰队

Old Summer Palace 1.1, 2.1; burning of during Second Opium War, 1860 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, 22.1; Cixi rebuilds part of 9.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2, 20.1; ruins of 18.1, 22.2, 25.1; Cixi regrets inability to fully restore 18.2, 23.1; Cixi plans to fully restore 18.3, 18.4; Boxers and 25.2; Qing-yi-yuan (the Garden of Clear Ripples) 14.3, 14.4; Kunming Lake 14.5, 14.6, 14.7, 18.5, 30.1; Villa of the Jade Balustrade 18.6, 20.2

圆明园

opium smoking/trade 2.1, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2n, 11.1, 13.1, 17.1, 18.1, 23.1, 28.1

Opium Wars: First, 1839–42 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1; Second, 1856–60 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

Palmerston, Lord 2.1, 2.2n, 5.1

Parkes, Harry

Paten tre, Jules

Pearl, Imperial Concubine 13.1, 13.2, 16.1, 16.2, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 23.1, 26.1

珍妃

Peking Gazette 22.1, 22.2

Peking Opera 15.1, 21.1, 22.1, 28.1, 28.2

Pekinese 2.1, 15.1, 27.1, 27.2

Peru

Pescadores

Pierson, Louisa 27.1, 28.1, 28.2, 30.1, 31.1

Poland

Port Arthur 12.1, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1

亚瑟港（旅顺口）

Porter, General Horace

Post Office, Chinese

Potala Palace, Lhasa

Praetorian Guard 4.1, 8.1, 10.1, 11.1, 13.1, 15.1, 20.1, 21.1, 23.1, 24.1

禁卫军

Prettier Than Golden Flower 11.1, 25.1

赛金花

Protestant Church in China

Pujun, heir-apparent 21.1, 26.1

溥儁jùn “大阿哥（皇储）” 载漪次子，桂祥之女

Puyi, Emperor 30.1, 30.2n, 31.1, 31.2, epi.1

溥仪 奕譞之孙，载沣之子

Qianlong the Magnificent, Emperor 2.1, 2.2, 2.3n, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 5.1, 7.1, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1, 16.1, 19.1

Qianmen Gate 22.1, 26.1, 28.1

Qing dynasty: birth of 1.1, 1.2; sexual activities of 1.3; royal consorts in 1.4; blessed by good weather 2.1; missionaries effect upon 2.2; biggest loss of territory 3.1; emperors write in crimson ink 4.1; no precedent of dowager empresses who ran state 4.2; Grand Council and see Grand Council; Taiping Rebellion and 5.1; punishments 5.2, 12.1, 16.1; legal procedure 7.1, 8.1, 12.2, 20.1, 28.1; eunuchs and 8.2, 15.1, 20.2n; assassinations and 8.3; education of emperors 9.1; ages at which emperors assume power 9.2, mausoleums 9.3, 10.1, 25.1, epi.1; Cixi's reign as most tolerant in history of 12.3; threat of Japan to 17.1; policy decision-making in 19.1; alternatives to offered 19.2; Temple of Heaven and 21.1; Republicanism and 24.1; Cixi prays to ancestors of 26.1; Cixi's constitution and 29.1, 29.2; Tibet and 31.1, 31.2, 31.3; end of 31.4, 31.5

Qing Kuan

Qingdao 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 20.1, 23.1

Qiu Jin, Miss

Qiying 2.1, 2.2

Raggi, Giuseppe Salvago

Red Lanterners

Reforms of 1898 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4, 20.5

Regulation for Women's Education, 1907

Ren Jingfeng

Republicanism 24.1, 30.1, 31.1, 31.2, 31.3n

Revolutionary Army, The (Zou Rong)

Richard, Timothy 11.1, 20.1

Rongling 27.1, 31.1

容龄

Roosevelt, Alice

Roosevelt, Theodore 27.1, 28.1

Royal City, Beijing 1.1, 7.1, 9.1, 22.1, 25.1, 25.2

Royal Navy 2.1, 22.1

Russia: defence of Moscow, 1812 2.1; treaty with China after Second Opium War, 1860 3.1, 6.1; Burlingame in 6.2; occupation of Ili 12.1, 12.2n, 18.1; treaty over Chinese borders, 1881 12.3; Sino-Japanese War, 1894–5 and 16.1; Russo-Chinese Secret Treaty, 1896 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 19.1, 19.2, 30.1n; attempt to take Port Arthur, 1898 18.5; Emperor Guangxu's hatred of 19.3; Sir Yinhuan takes bribes from 20.1, 20.2n; reaction to Cixi's dispatch of officials to Japan 21.1; Boxers and 22.1, 23.1, 30.2; Boxer Protocol, 1901 and 25.1; Manchuria tensions with Japanese 27.1; Russo-Japanese War, 1904–5 30.3

Salisbury, Lord 22.1, 22.2, 22.3n, 24.1, 24.2

索尔兹伯里勋爵

san-gui-jiu-kou (kneeling three times to the emperor and touching the ground with the forehead nine times) 2.1, 2.2n

三跪九叩

Sanmen Bay

Satow, Sir Ernest

School for Aristocratic Women

Sea Palace, Beijing 9.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 16.1, 20.1, 20.2, 21.1, 21.2, 25.1, 30.1, 31.1

中南海瀛台

Second World War 30.1, epi.1

Seymour Expedition

Seymour, Admiral Edward

Shandong province 7.1, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 23.1, 25.1

Shanghai 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 16.1, 19.1, 19.2, 20.1, 20.2, 22.1, 22.2, 23.1, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3, 25.1, 27.1, 28.1, 28.2, 30.1

Shen Jiaben

Shen Jin 24.1, 30.1, 30.2n, 30.3

Sheng Xuanhuai 11.1, 18.1

Shi Nianzu

Shi-bao

Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 1895 17.1, 18.1, 20.1, 25.1

马关条约

Shore, Henry Noel

Shun, Empror 6.1, 13.1

Shunzhi, Emperor

Si Gege

Sichuan province

Sikkim

Simpson, William

Sino-French War, 1884–5 12.1, 12.2n, 16.1, 16.2

Sino-Japanese War, 1894–5 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 18.1, 19.1, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 22.1, 23.1, 24.1, 26.1 see also Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 1895

Skettett, Miss

smallpox 3.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

Smith, Rev. Arthur H. 22.1, 22.2, 23.1

Song Qingling

St Louis Exposition, 1904 27.1, 27.2

Stalin, Joseph

Statutes, the 15.1, 16.1

Su, Prince

Sugiyama Akira

Summer Palace (Yi-he-Yuan) (the Gardens of Nurturing Harmony), Beijing: Cixi's building of 14.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 20.1, 23.1; Qing-yi-yuan (the Garden of Clear Ripples), Cixi's rebuilding of 14.2, 14.3; Kunming Lake 14.4, 14.5, 14.6, 18.5, 30.1; Villa of the Jade Balustrade 18.6, 20.2; Cixi moves into, 1891 15.1, 16.1; as source of endless pleasure to Cixi 15.2; mosquitoes in 15.3; Cixi's birds and animals in 15.4; Cixi watches religious festivals from 15.5; theatre in 15.6; Cixi cut off from government in 16.2; Prince Gong in 18.7; Grand Council in 18.8; Earl Li in 18.9; Moon Festival, 1896 18.10; Wild Fox Kang and 19.1, 19.2, 20.3, 20.4, 20.5, 20.6, 20.7; Boxers and 25.1; Cixi's travel between city and 30.2; Forever Peace (Yong-he) 30.3

颐和园

Sumner, Charles

Sun Jiagu

Sun Jianai 13.1, 19.1

Sun Yat-sen 24.1, 28.1, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3, 31.1n

Sushun 4.1, 4.2, 9.1

Suzhou 5.1, 7.1, 12.1

Swinhoe, Robert

Ta Kung Pao (newspaper) 28.1, 28.2, 29.1

大公报

Taiping Rebellion, 1850–64 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 12.1, 12.2

太平军

Taiwan 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2

Takano Bunjiro

Tan Sitong 20.1, 20.2, 20.3

谭嗣同

Tan Xinpei 15.1, 28.1

Tangshan

Taoism 5.1, 8.1, 15.1, 15.2

Temple of Heaven 21.1, 21.2, 22.1, 31.1

Thomson, John

Tiananmen Gate 4.1, 9.1

Tianjin (Tientsin): Opium Wars and 2.1, 2.2; navy and 5.1; Viceroy of Zhili base in 6.1, 11.1, 16.1, 28.1; anti-Christian riots in, 1870 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 22.1; Sino-French war treaty signed, 1885 in 12.3, 12.4; Cixi takes train to inspect army in 19.1; Junglu's headquarters in 20.1, 20.2; newspapers in 20.3, 20.4, 29.1; Boxers and 22.2, 22.3, 23.1, 23.2, 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 26.1, 26.2; Wild Fox Kang in 30.1; Emperor Puyi in epi.1

Tibet 2.1, 5.1, 29.1, 31.1, 31.2

Tiejun

梁铁君 康有为麾下干将刺杀慈禧

Times, The

Ting, Admiral 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 17.1, 18.1

Tong King-sing

Tongwen College, the School of Combined Learning 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

京师同文馆

Tongzhi, Emperor (Zaichun) (Cixi's son): birth 2.1, 2.2; childhood 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 5.1; accession to throne 4.1; seals 4.2, 4.3, 4.4; coup and 4.5; coronation 4.6; name 4.7, 4.8n; education 6.1, 9.1, 13.1; wedding 7.1, 7.2, 9.2, 9.3; Cixi's breakdown and 7.3; sex life 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7; love of opera 9.8, 9.9; selection of consorts 9.10; receives Western legations 9.11; appearance 9.12; bureaucracy and 9.13; plan to rebuild Old Summer Palace 9.14, 14.1; general lifestyle criticised 9.15; death 9.16, 10.1, 13.2; Cixi accused of having hand in death of 9.17, 20.1; mourning for 9.18; mausoleum 9.19, 9.20; succession 10.2

同治帝

Townley, Lady Susan

Trans-Siberian Railway

Treaty Ports 2.1, 2.2, 8.1, 10.1, 11.1, 20.1, 20.2, 22.1, 28.1, 28.2

Tsinghua University

清华大学

Uchida Kōsai 27.1, 30.1

Vatican

Verbiest, Ferdinand

Victoria, Queen 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 12.1, 18.1, 19.1, 20.1, 22.1, 22.2, 27.1, 29.1

Vietnam 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 16.1

Vos, Hubert 28.1, 28.2n

Wade, Thomas 5.1, 5.2n, 5.3, 5.4, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3

Waldersee, Field Marshal Count von 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 25.4

Wang Lun

Wang Qingqi 9.1, 9.2

王庆祺 同治基友

Wang Wenshao

Wang Yaoqing

Wang Zhao, Clerk 19.1, 20.1, 30.1, 30.2n

Ward, Frederick Townsend 5.1, 5.2

Warren, Acting Consul-General Peiham L. 24.1, 24.2

Washington, George 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

Weijun, Censor 16.1, 18.1

Weihaiwei 17.1, 18.1

Wellesley College, Massachusetts

Wen Tingshi

Weng, Grand Tutor (Weng Tonghe): on Prince Chun's writing 4.1; Sushun and 4.2; as hater of the West 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 9.1; Little An execution and 7.1, 7.2; Tianjin riots, 1870 and 8.2; tutoring of Emperor Tongzhi 9.2, 9.3; choice of burial spot for Emperor Tongzhi 9.4; ally of Prince Chun 10.1; Cixi attempts to gain loyalty of 10.2, 11.1; tutor of Emperor Guangxu 10.3, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4; Guo Songtao and 11.2; Sino-French War, 1884–5 and 12.1, 12.2; on Prince Gong 12.3, 12.4; admiration for Cixi's mourning for Empress Zhen 13.5; accession of Emperor Guangxu and 13.6, 13.7; on temper of Emperor Guangxu 13.8; on wedding of Emperor Guangxu 13.9; on reaction of Cixi to news of Emperor Guangxu's poor health 13.10; becomes receptive to some Western practices 13.11; opposes railway-building 13.12, 15.1, 18.1; allows reforms to lapse during reign of Emperor Guangxu 13.13, 13.14, 13.15; on Old Summer Palace restoration 14.1; lack of investment in navy and 16.1, 16.2; Sino-Japanese war, 1894–5 and 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 16.6, 16.7, 17.1; Cixi's sixtieth birthday celebrations and 16.8; Cixi impedes communication between Emperor Guangxu and 16.9; made a Grand Councillor 16.10; records lack of respect of foreign envoys after war with Japanese 18.2; on Cixi's praise for grandees in light of Russo–Chinese Secret Treaty, 1896 18.3; Cixi's attempt to raise revenue for restoration of Old Summer Palace and 18.4; German attempt to grab Qingdao and 18.5, 18.6; appointed to Chinese Foreign Office 18.7; Russian seizure of Port Arthur, role in 18.8, 18.9; visit to China of Prince Heinrich of Germany and 19.1; ‘Announcement of the Fundamental Policy of the State' and 19.2; Emperor Guangxu dismisses 19.3, 19.4, 20.1

翁同龢

Wild Fox Kang (Kang Youwei) 19.1, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3, 31.1; background and character 19.2; ‘The History of Me' 20.1; gains influence at court of Emperor Guangxu 19.3; Cixi impressed by 19.4, 19.5; ‘Advisory Board' to throne, recommends kind of 19.6, 19.7; ‘On the Destruction of Poland' 19.8; Cixi attempts to curb influence of 19.9; wish to be Emperor 19.10; Confucius and 19.11; plot to kill Cixi and 20.2, 20.3, 20.4, 20.5, 21.1; flees Beijing 20.6; public accusations against Cixi 20.7, 20.8; attempts to persuade foreign governments to use military force to overthrow Cixi 20.9, 21.2; raises army and occupies cities with arms supplied from Japan 24.1, 24.2; fails to persuade Britain to back his project 24.3; uses photographs of Cixi to undermine her 28.1; organises attempts on Cixi's life 30.4; Japanese agents at Chinese court and 30.5

康有为

Wilhelm II, Kaiser 11.1, 17.1, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 23.1, 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3n

Wiltshire Regiment

With the Empress Dowager (Carl)

Witte, Count 18.1, 30.1

Wolseley, Lieutenant Colonel G. J. 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

Women Can Be Patriots (play)

Women's Daily (journal)

Woo Yong, County Chief 24.1, 24.2, 24.3, 26.1, 27.1

吴永

Woren

倭仁 同治帝的帝师

World Expo, Philadelphia, 1876

Wu Kedu n

Wu Tingfang 2.1, 22.1, 28.1

Wu Yue

Wu Zetian 4.1, 15.1

Wuhan 11.1, 15.1, 18.1, 20.1, 24.1, 26.1, 31.1

Wuhu

Wusong

Wutai

Xianfeng, Emperor: accession to throne 1.1; selection of consorts for 1.2; sex life 1.3; Taiping rebellion and 1.4, 5.1; Cixi offers advice to 1.5; artistic nature 1.6; love of opera 1.7, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1; birth of son and 1.8; loathing of Westerners 2.3, 2.4, 5.2; as successor to throne 2.5; Opium Wars and 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.2, 3.3; flees Beijing during Second Opium War 2.10, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1; treaties signed with Britain and France after Second Opium War and 3.6, 3.7; death 3.8, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4; will 3.9, 4.5, 4.6; gives seals to son and Empress Zhen 4.7, 4.8, 4.9n, 4.10, 4.11; Peking Opera and 15.1; great-nephew nominated as Emperor Guangxu's heir-apparent 21.1

咸丰帝

Xinjiang 12.1, 12.2n, 18.1, 20.1, 20.2, 24.1, epi.1

Xu Jingcheng 23.1, 24.1

Xu Xilin

Xu Zhijing, Learning Companion 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 20.1

Xue, Dr

Xunling 28.1, 28.2, 28.3n

勋龄

Yang Ki-Tak

Yang Rui 19.1, 20.1

Yang Shenxiu, Censor 19.1, 19.2, 20.1, 20.2

Yangtze River 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 11.1, 11.2

Yangtze Valley 2.1, 11.1, 28.1

Yano Fumio

Yao, Emperor 6.1, 13.1

Ye, Viceroy

Yee, Prince

Yellow River 6.1n, 18.1, 20.1, 20.2, 26.1

Younghusband, Major Francis

Yu Keng 27.1, 27.2

裕庚

Yu, Emperor

Yuan Shikai, General 1.1, 4.1n, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4, 20.5, 21.1, 22.1, 25.1, 26.1, 28.1, 28.2, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3, 30.4, 30.5n, 30.6, epi.1

袁世凯

Yuan, Lady

Yuan Chang

Yung Wing

Yuxian, Governor 22.1, 23.1, 23.2

Zaifeng, Regent 10.1, 30.1, 31.1, 31.2, 31.3, 31.4

载沣

Zaize, Duke 29.1, 29.2

Zeng Guofan, Marquis 4.1, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1, 24.1

曾国藩

Zeng Jr, Marquis 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1

曾纪泽

Zhang Zhidong, Viceroy: Cixi's identification of talent and 5.1; proposes railway projects 11.1, 20.1; recommends keeping Lang Son and other Vietnamese territory 12.1; Sino-Japanese war, 1894–5 and 17.1, 17.2; opposes Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895 18.1, 18.2, 18.3; presents proposal for restarting modernisation 18.4, 18.5; Wild Fox Kang and 20.2, 24.1, 24.2, 30.1, 30.2; Boxers and 22.1, 23.1, 23.2, 23.3, 24.3; relationship with Cixi 24.4; Poems of Gratitude 24.5; title conferred 25.1; on modernisation of China 25.2; Yu Keng and 27.1; Grand Council and 30.3, 30.4; death of 31.1n

张之洞

Zhao Erfeng

Zhejiang province

Zhen, Empress (Ci'an) 9.1, 9.2; becomes Empress 1.1, 9.3; enters harem 1.2; appearance 1.3; defends Cixi from Emperor Xianfeng's anger 1.4; lifelong friendship with Cixi 1.5; rank 2.1; Zaichun and 2.2; shares ‘Dowager Empress' title with Cixi 4.1; seals 4.2, 4.3; Cixi's coup and 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8; co-rule with Cixi as Two Dowager Empresses 4.9, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 8.1; willingly plays second fiddle to Cixi 5.4; death 5.5, 13.1, 20.1; Cixi accused of poisoning 20.2; Little An execution and 7.1; Emperor Tongzhi and 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 13.2; retires into harem after wedding of Emperor Tongzhi 9.8; role after death of Emperor Tongzhi 10.1, 10.2, 11.1

Zheng, Prince 4.1, 9.1

Zhennan Pass

Zhigang 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

Zhili province 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 18.1, 22.1, 22.2, 23.1, 26.1, 28.1

直隶

Zhirui 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

Zhou Fu

Zou Rong

Zuo Zongtang, General

左宗棠