启动现代中国的皇妃 相关图片

↓ 1. Cixi was a devout Buddhist and revered Guanyin, the Goddess of Mercy. In 1903, she dressed as Guanyin to have photographs taken; here with the two eunuchs closest to her, Lianying (to her left) and Cui (to her right), in the costumes of characters associated with the Goddess.

↓ 2. Old Beijing streets. Visible in the foreground are mule-carts, taxis of the time. It was one of these that bore Cixi to the Forbidden City in 1852 to be inspected by Emperor Xianfeng, who chose her as one of his concubines.

↓ 3. A caravan of camels passing in front of a Beijing city gate. It was said that some five thousand camels came into Beijing every day.

↓ 4. When Emperor Xianfeng died in 1861, Cixi's five-year-old son succeeded to the throne. She launched a coup against the regents appointed by her husband and made herself the real ruler of China. She is carried to the regular morning audience, surrounded by eunuchs in richly-coloured robes. Cui, front left; Lianying, front right.

↓ 5. Prince Chun（醇亲王奕譞）, who was married to Cixi's sister.

↓ 6. Prince Gong（恭亲王奕䜣（1833～1898））, Cixi's right-hand man and adviser.

↓ 7. Viceroy Zhang Zhidong, major supporter of Cixi and renowned moderniser.

↓ 8. Li Hongzhang (Earl Li), the most important reformer to serve Cixi. In Britain in 1896, with Lord Salisbury, British Prime Minister (on the left 索尔兹伯里勋爵), and Lord Curzon (on the right 印度总督寇松勋爵).

↓ 9. General Yuan Shikai, later first President of the Republic of China.

↓ 10. Junglu (front centre), a fierce devotee of Cixi, entertaining Western female visitors.

↓ 11. Anson Burlingame, President Lincoln's first Minister to China (1861–7 美国驻华公使蒲安臣), and afterwards China's first Ambassador to Western countries. Standing in the middle of his delegation, he is flanked by his two (seated) Chinese deputies, Zhigang and Sun Jiagu, and the two secretaries of the mission, one British, one French (seated).

↓ 12. Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Gordon ('Chinese Gordon'), who helped defeat the Taiping Rebellion. This victory paved the way for the Cixi era.

↓ 13. Sarah Conger (in dark dress 萨拉·康格), wife of the US Minister to China (1898–1905), holding hands with Cixi with other ladies of the American Legation.

↓ 14. Sir Robert Hart（赫德先生）, with his Western band of Chinese musicians. He was Inspector General of Chinese Maritime Customs for the entire period of Cixi's political life.

↓ 15. A painting by Cixi.

↓ 16. Cixi learned to write characters as big as this (panel size 211 cm × 102 cm) in one single stroke. This was considered extraordinary, especially as she was small and elderly. This character reads shou, meaning 'longevity'.

↓ 17. Horse and calligraphy by Emperor Xianfeng when he was sixteen.

↓ 18. A court painter's rendering of Cixi playing Go with a eunuch.

↓ 19. A photographic portrait Cixi sent to US President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, thanking him for his good wishes for her seventieth birthday. Her face had been airbrushed in the photograph.

↓ 20. Emperor Xianfeng, a standard portrait of a monarch produced after his death. Xianfeng died in 1860 in self-imposed exile, partly because the Old Summer Palace had been burned down by the British. (illustration credit ill.

↓ 21. From that palace, 'Lootie', a Pekinese, was taken to Britain and presented to Queen Victoria, who had it painted.

↓ 22. Cixi's son, who would become Emperor Tongzhi, playing with his half-sister.

↓ 23. Emperor Guangxu who, upon Tongzhi's death in 1875, was put on the throne by Cixi when he was three.

↓ 24. Zhen（慈安太后、东太后、孝贞显皇后，与慈禧两度垂帘听政，促成同治中兴）, Empress to Xianfeng, and lifelong friend of Cixi.

↓ 25. The harem, at the rear of the Forbidden City. Cixi found its high walls and closed-in alleys 'depressing'.

↓ 26. The front and main part of the Forbidden City, vast and grand – and out of bounds for women. Cixi never set foot in it, even when she was the supreme ruler of China.

↓ 27. As a woman, Cixi was not supposed to see her officials, who were all male. So, during audiences, she would sit behind the throne and the yellow silk screen. The child emperor was sometimes seated on the throne in front.

↓ 28. The Summer Palace, which Cixi loved passionately, by a foreign artist.

↓ 29. Portrait of Cixi by the American painter Katharine Carl, for the St Louis Exposition in 1904.

↓ 30. Katharine Carl, in Chinese costume selected – possibly designed – by Cixi.

↓ 31. In snow in winter 1903–4. Slightly in the background is Cixi's close adviser, Louisa Pierson, half-American, half-Chinese, whose two daughters, Der Ling and Rongling, are on either side of Cixi.

↓ 32. Louisa Pierson (seated), her husband, Yu Keng (far right 裕庚), China's minister to France, their two daughters and son Hsingling (far left 长子馨龄、次子裕勋龄、大女儿德龄、二女儿容龄), here in a Paris restaurant entertaining Prince Zaizhen (seated in the middle 爱新觉罗·载振), who had just attended the coronation of King Edward VII in London in 1902

↓ 33. Rongling, their daughter, studied dancing in Paris and has become known as 'the First Lady of modern dancing in China'.

↓ 34. Hsingling dressed as Napoleon at a fancy dress ball given by his parents to celebrate Chinese New Year in 1901.

↓ 35. A high class courtesan with a strong resemblance to Prettier Than Golden Flower, consort to Cixi's minister to Berlin in the mid-1880s.

↓ 36. As part of Cixi's modernisation programme, in the 1870s groups of young teenagers were sent to America to receive a comprehensive education.

↓ 37. In 1889, Emperor Guangxu took over the running of the empire whereupon Cixi retired. Guangxu's favourite concubine, Pearl.

↓ 38. Grand Tutor Weng（翁同龢）, a father figure to him.

↓ 39. Guangxu detested his empress, whom Cixi (centre, in cape) had picked. Empress Longyu (second from left 隆裕（1868—1913），名静芬，小名喜子), was stooped and looked a pitiful figure in the court. Far left: Cui, the eunuch; and far right: Louisa Pierson.

↓ 40. Sir Yinhuan（英华，《大公报》创始人）, Emperor Guangxu's confidant and possibly Tokyo's biggest agent.

↓ 41. He helped Kang Youwei to gain influence over Guangxu. Kang plotted to kill Cixi.

↓ 42. Liang Qichao, Kang's main disciple.

↓ 43. Former Japanese Prime Minister Ito Hirobumi（伊藤博文）, featured on a modern banknote, was the architect of Japan's war against China in 1894.

↓ 44. The xenophobic Boxers（义和团）, who created mayhem in north China in 1900. Western powers invaded and Cixi was driven out of Beijing.

↓ 45. The Allied forces entered the Forbidden City.

↓ 46. A foreigner on the city wall snapped a picture of her as she turned to wave at them, a handkerchief in hand.

↓ 47. Cixi returned to Beijing at the beginning of 1902, travelling the last leg by train, with the imperial locomotive provided by the Allies.

↓ 48. Girls with bound feet. One of Cixi's first decrees upon her return to Beijing was to outlaw foot-binding.

↓ 49. Convicts in the cangues. The legal reforms started by Cixi abolished medieval forms of punishment like this – and 'death by a thousand cuts'.

↓ 50. Putting a flower in her Manchu-style coiffure. Cixi took great care of her appearance. She designed her clothes and jewellery and supervised the making of cosmetics such as rouge, perfume and soap. In the background, apples from her orchard were on display for their subtle fragrance.

↓ 51. The only photo in which Cixi is smiling. She actually liked laughing, but would switch off her smiles and assume a serious air when she went to work – or faced the camera.

↓ 52. On a barge on the lake of the Sea Palace, amidst lotus flowers.) With court ladies and eunuchs. Louisa Pierson far right; fifth from right Imperial Concubine Jade, Pearl's sister. All had to stand in Cixi's presence, who alone was sitting.

↓ 53. Wearing opera costumes. Cixi was passionate about music, and helped make Peking Opera the national opera of China.

↓ 54. Leading the first group of court ladies to the American Legation for dinner in 1902 was Cixi's adopted daughter, the Imperial Princess, acting as her representative. Seated in the middle, with Sarah Conger next to her.

↓ 55. The courtyard outside the dining-room of the Congers. In the summer, the open-air court and the whole building were covered by a giant 'mosquito net', made of reed matting by ingenious eunuchs. Sarah Conger wrote: 'The air is fresh, and the beautiful trees, potted plants, shrubs, many flowers, and delightful guests make the day truly a happy one.'

↓ 56. Cixi among four young, good-looking eunuchs, Lady-in-waiting Der Ling（德龄） to the side. Such physical intimacy was bound to lead to sexual desires in her younger years. In fact she fell in love with a eunuch, An Dehai（安德海）, when she was in her early thirties. He was beheaded in 1869, and she suffered a breakdown.

↓ 57. On her deathbed in 1908, Cixi made her two-year-old great-nephew, Puyi (standing), the next emperor, and his father, Zaifeng (seated holding Puyi's brother), the Regent.

↓ 58. Sun Yat-sen (centre), known as the 'Father' of Republican China, had tried repeatedly to overthrow the Manchu dynasty by military means.

↓ 59. Cixi's funeral. Brooke Astor, American philanthropist, was a child in Beijing and watched the procession with her family from the city wall: 'All day it passed beneath us through the gate. There were Buddhist and Taoist priests in white robes and Buddhist lamas in yellow with red sashes. There were endless bands of eunuchs dressed in white, who tossed paper money in the air (for the Empress's use on her way to heaven)…There were twenty-four white camels, with yellow brocade tents on their backs … and a whole company of white ponies … there were papier-mâché replicas of all the Empress's palaces … All this passed accompanied by the cries of the mourners, who tore their hair and beat their chests to the clashing of cymbals.' The colossal palanquin was covered with yellow brocade embroidered with phoenixes. When it passed by, all Westerners rose and took off their hats.

↓ 60. The Eastern Mausoleums of the Qing monarchs outside Beijing, where Cixi was buried with her husband and her son. In 1928, an unruly Republican army unit broke into her tomb to plunder the jewels that were buried with her. Her corpse was left exposed.