45 INDEX
AB Corps (AB tuan), 240–44
Abakumov, Viktor, 367
Africa, 222
communist organizations in, 88
agrarian reform, 392, 395–96, 413, 420, 585
crisis of underproduction under, 413
overpopulation and, 413
rural hunger and, 414, 417
Agrarian Reform Law, 395–96
agrarian revolution, 136, 175, 178, 179, 182–83, 191–93, 194–96, 212, 216, 218–19, 224, 239, 240, 252n, 254, 304, 320, 392, 415, 583
in USSR, 223, 227
agriculture, 483, 585
collectivization of, see collectivization
cooperativization of, see cooperatives; cooperativization
growth in production, 442, 449–52, 454
household contracts and, 478–80, 483–85
socialist transformation of, 403
see also grain
Aisenberg, Arnold, 317
Al'brecht, Alexander, 206–7
Aleksandrov-Agentov, Andrei, 537
All-China Conference on Financial and Economic Work, 397–99, 400, 402, 403
All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU), 219, 336, 395
All-China Peasant Association, 177
All-China Secretariat of Trade Unions, 109, 111
All-China Workers' Secretariat, Hunan, 108, 109
American Observer Group, 344
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease), 565, 587
An Lushan, 428
Analects (Confucius), 14–15
“Analysis of Classes in Chinese Society” (Mao), 151–52, 177n
“Analysis of Various Classes of the Chinese Peasantry and Their Relationship to Revolution” (Mao), 157
anarchism, 94, 99, 520
Chinese, 60, 64, 73, 76, 108
as counterrevolutionary, 561
French study abroad program and, 53–54, 91
Japanese, 64
anarcho-syndicalism, 64
Anderson, Mr., see Maring
Andreev, Andrei, 302
angioneurosis, 370
Anhui province, 63, 88, 285, 484, 494
communists in, 112, 221
famine in, 461, 472, 475
household contracts in, 478–80, 483
soviet in, 248
Anqing (Huaining), 63
anti-imperialism, 52, 113–14, 115, 119, 120, 121–22, 126, 132, 135, 138, 144, 145, 148, 151, 152, 154, 166, 167, 231–32, 357, 366, 574
Anti-Japanese Military-Political University, 318
anti-rightist movement, 442–43
Anting railroad station, 515
Anyuan, 109, 110–12, 120, 140, 197, 200, 336
communism in, 123
Guomindang cell in, 129
workers' club in, 110
arbitration commissions, 111
Argentina, 505
Aristov, Averkii Borisovich, 444
Armed Forces Ministry, Soviet, 368
Art of War, The (Sun Zi), 279
Asia, 222
Central, 539
communist organizations in, 88
East, 556
Assembly of Workers, Peasants, and Soldiers' Deputies, 202
Association for the Revival of Hunan, 87
August First Declaration, 294
Australia, 474, 566
automobiles, 57–58
Autumn Harvest Uprising, 192, 194–98, 200–201, 207–8, 584
Bai Fan, 242
Bai Huizhang, 278
Baiaderka, 445
baihua (common speech), 59
Bakunin, Mikhail, 64
Ban Gu, 27
Bancang, 96, 141, 195, 198–99, 249
Band, Claire and William, 343
bandits, 171, 193, 202–3, 206, 212, 220, 247, 260, 584
Red Army as, 221
Bank of China, 513
Bao Huisen, 102
Baoan, 2, 296, 299, 301, 302, 304, 305
Baoding, 54, 65
barracks communism, 8
Barrett, David D., 344
Barvikha Sanatorium, 355
Beida Student Union, 66
Beidaihe, 432, 551
Beijing, 2, 5, 49, 54, 65, 66, 67, 77, 82, 85, 87, 90, 115, 127, 134, 143, 378, 389, 395, 397, 400, 406, 407, 409, 418, 419, 431, 466, 482, 491, 492, 493, 494, 497, 502, 507, 511, 518, 519, 521, 526, 528, 530, 531, 534, 537, 558, 562, 564, 566, 567, 569, 572, 573
in Boxer Rebellion, 24
characteristics of, 57–58
communism in, 92, 100, 101, 102, 108, 123
food shortages in, 461, 472
Forbidden City in, 3, 6, 24, 57, 58, 69, 359, 365, 571, 573
Khrushchev in, 409–11, 467, 469, 473
Legation Quarter in, 69
Mao as out of place in, 65–66, 68
Mao in, 55, 56–59, 73, 79–80, 363
as PRC capital, 356, 358–59, 390
Red Guards in, 511, 516, 530
renamed Beiping, 216
student protests in, 69–70, 71
Summer Palace in, 58
Three-Eyed Well district of, 57, 59
Beijing Commune, 502
Beijing Garrison, 392
Beijing Military Region, 549
Beijing Municipal Party Committee, 402, 493, 494, 496, 502, 505–6, 508, 522
student takeover of, 522
United Front Work Department of, 497
Beijing Normal Universal, Red Guards from, 513
Beijing No. 6 Middle School, 511
Beijing Revolutionary Committee, 522
Beijing-Hankou railroad, 161, 184n
Beiping (Beijing), 287, 350, 351, 356
CCP's restoration of name Beijing to, 359
Japanese capture of, 315
Japanese forces outside, 312
PLA capture of, 351–52, 585
Beiyang Army, 34, 44
Beiyang Political-Legal Academy, 59
Bengfu, 494
Berger, Harry, see Ewert, Arthur Ernst
Bergson, Henri, 84
Beria, Lavrentii, 384, 387, 401–2, 408, 410
Bewhiskered He, see He Shuheng
Bhutto, Ali, 571
Biography of the Ever Faithful Yue Fei, The, 20
Birkmayer, Walter, 572
Bisson, T. A., 343
Black Sea, 379
Bliukher, Vasilii, 139, 155, 158, 188
Bo Gu (Qin Bangxian), ix, 235, 249, 273, 278, 284, 302, 313, 314, 333–34, 340, 575
Mao opposed by, 252–53, 256–57, 262–67, 269–72, 276, 281
Mao's reconciliation with, 290
Mao's supplanting of, 277, 278–79
in right column, 287, 289
Wang Ming supported by, 321
Bo Yibo, ix, 394
criticized as moderate, 398, 420
as Finance Minister, 396–97
Bodhisattva Guan Yin, 12, 20
Bogomolov, Dmitrii, 297, 312
Bol'shakov, Ivan, 401
Bolshevik Revolution, 81, 97, 192, 456
China's version of, 196
Bolsheviks, Bolshevism, 4, 61–62, 64, 73–74, 77, 81–84, 87, 91, 97, 210, 227, 332, 353, 418, 423, 500
archive of, 4
in China, 88, 89, 92–97, 102, 104–5, 108, 113, 141, 339, 575
cynicism of, 151
in the East, 103–4
and eternal suspicion, 284
philosophy of, 317–19
in Russia, 113, 116, 119, 126, 127, 150, 154, 312, 316
Russian, 575
socialist revolution and, 104
Bolshoi Theater, 369, 445
Bony, L. D., 414
Border Area Soviet Government of Workers, Peasants, and Soldiers, 212
Borodin, Mikhail Markovich (Bao Luoting; Baoguwen; Mikhail Markovich Gruzenberg), ix, 126–28, 134, 136–38, 140, 175, 179, 183, 185
Chiang opposed by, 164–65
on Guomindang, 135, 154, 156, 157, 161, 311
report on Mao to Stalin, 354–55
Stalin's lack of trust in, 188
bourgeois intellectuals, 442, 511
bourgeois-democratic revolution, 104, 217, 219, 318
bourgeoisie, 115, 121, 132, 157, 193, 229, 315, 357, 369, 399, 441, 498
campaigns against, 392–93, 585
in class conflict, 105
democracy and, 104, 219
dictatorship of, 498
economic weakening of, 393
and government buyouts, 422
Guomindang, 123–24, 149, 182
ideology of, 406
Mao's analysis of, 152
national, 342
party infiltration by, 498, 499, 508–9
peasant petit, 241
petty, 148, 150, 219, 221, 463
revolutionary movement “betrayed” by, 217
Boxer Rebellion, 24–25, 69
Boxers, 24–25
Brandt, Conrad, 3
Braun, Otto (K. O. Wagner), ix, 268–70, 272–73, 281, 543n
Li Lilian's marriage to, 326–27
on Long March, 275–76, 282, 286
Mao's supplanting of, 277, 278–79, 326
on Wayaobao, 289
on Xi'an Incident, 299–300
on Yan'an, 305
Brezhnev, Leonid Ilich, ix, 537–38
Brezhnev Doctrine, 538
Bu Shiji, 134n
Bucharest, 473, 474
Budapest, 436
Buddhism, 11, 12, 14, 18, 20, 84
Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich, ix, 125, 175, 188, 223, 258, 426
Bulganin, Nikolai, 368, 369, 384, 394n, 436, 439, 443
Bulgaria, 7, 291, 353, 436
bureaucratic capital, 357
bureaucratism:
intraparty, 441
opposition to, 440
Burlatsky, Fedor, 474
Burma, 27
Butcher Tang, see Tang Xiangming
Cai Chang (Rosa Nikolaeva), 321
Cai Hesen (Cailin Bin; Cailin Hexian), ix, 6, 12, 38, 40, 50–54, 65, 92, 109, 115, 119, 123, 124, 138, 140, 183, 187, 193, 217, 250, 321
execution of, 256
as Mao's closest friend, 180
separation between Xiang Jingyu and, 146–47
Cai Yuanpei, 53–54, 58–60, 199
Cambodia, 556
Canada, 474, 505, 566
Canton, 23, 54, 79, 101, 103, 107, 113–15, 120–21, 122, 126, 127, 128, 133, 136, 138, 139, 141, 147, 163, 177, 181, 190, 256, 407, 431, 495, 541, 543, 583
atmosphere and character of, 131–32
Canton Commune uprising in, 205
at center of anti-imperialist struggle, 144
Chiang's coup in, 154–56, 178–80
communism in, 100, 101, 112, 120, 131
Guomindang government in, 140, 143, 150, 159–60, 161, 352, 353, 583
Japanese defeat of, 330
Canye School, 51
Cao Pi, emperor of Wei, 55
Cao Rulin, 69–70, 75
Cao Xueqin, 59
Cao Yi'ou (Lina), 316
capital, private ownership of, 103
Capital (Marx), 90, 127, 354
capital construction, 430
capitalism, capitalists, 95, 99, 332, 398, 421, 479
aggression and Western, 22, 258
in China, 17, 23, 36, 157
class relations under, 152
compensation given to, 422
dangers of, 486
in Europe, 383
Great Depression and, 228–29
overthrow of, 103
peaceful transition to socialism from, 427
and people's democracy, 358
restoration of, 494, 500
state, 421–22
taxation and, 396–97, 399
tendencies towards, 416
workers exploited by, 61
capitalist industry, 403
capitalist roaders, 489, 501, 510, 511, 512, 527, 529, 531, 569
Liu and allies seen as, 492, 508
Red Guard killings of suspected, 511
unmasking of, 500
capitulationism, 567
Carlson, Evans, 320–21, 343
caves, 306, 348, 355
as residences for CCP leaders, 289, 304, 318
Central Chamber of Commerce, Beijing, 70
Central Committee of CCP, 4, 5, 180, 183, 188, 209, 213, 215, 224, 239, 256, 261, 264, 275, 305, 310, 316, 319, 323, 334, 336, 340, 342, 351, 381, 432, 479, 501, 519, 522, 530, 543, 560, 562, 564, 567, 569, 570, 584, 587
abolition of general secretary position of, 509
Action Committee, 197–98
adventurism by, 255
Braun as military adviser to, 269
Bureau for the Soviet areas of, 237, 238, 255
Bureau of, 254, 256, 257–58, 259, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265–66
Central China Bureau of, 336
Central South Bureau of, 397
Changjian (Yangzi River) Bureau of, 321
Comintern critique of, 233–37
Comintern's special resolution on right opportunism to, 258–59
Defense Industry Committee, 519
Department of Agitation and Propaganda of, 230
ECCI criticism of, 233–34
ECCI personnel recommendations regarding, 333–34
Eighth Plenum of, 437
Extraordinary Conference of, 190
First Plenum following the Seventh Congress of, 342
Five-Member Cultural Revolution Group in, 493, 495–98
Fourth Plenum of, 333, 335, 336, 404, 405
Front Committee of, 197–98, 206, 207, 211, 224, 225, 226
General Affairs Department of, 498
grain monopoly introduced by, 413–14
Guomindang CEC approached by, 303–4
Hunan Committee's request for aid to, 189
Internal Liaison Department of, 436
intraparty conflict in, 281
Investigation Bureau of, 337
Korean War and, 381–82
Liu Shaoqi's accusation against Mao at, 479–80
Lominadze's criticism of, 188–95
Mao as chairman of, 461
Mao as general secretary of, 323
Mao criticized by, 231, 584
Mao on, 180, 218, 583, 584
Mao on agrarian reform to, 195–96
Mao supported by, 244, 246
on Mao-Zhu troop unification, 210
Mao's sons sent to Soviet Union by, 250–51
membership of, 533–34
Mif's dominance of, 235–36
Military Affairs Council of, 466
Military Committee of, 189, 191, 206, 523, 534, 561
Military Council of the, 342
Military Department of, 224
Ninth, 538
North China Bureau of, 510
Northeast Bureau of, 549
Office of, 464
Organizational Department of, 313, 336–37, 405, 517
on peasant question, 223
people's communes and, 477
plenum on education of, 550
Politburo of, 182, 183, 193, 205, 231, 233–37, 244, 246–48, 252, 255, 268, 270, 276–79, 281, 285, 286, 288, 289, 291, 292, 302, 312, 314, 317, 318, 321, 333, 335–37, 340, 342, 346, 356, 366, 382–84, 402–3, 405, 417, 418, 427, 428, 430–32, 435, 439, 449, 455, 462, 482, 497, 498, 501, 509, 516, 523, 525, 526, 535, 541, 543, 546, 561, 562, 564–66, 568, 569, 572, 584, 585, 586, 587
Politburo Standing Committee of, 183, 187, 234, 270, 279–80, 303, 314, 316, 464, 476, 481, 495, 496, 497, 498–99, 508, 509, 521, 529, 535, 543, 548, 564, 567, 584
Politburo Work Conference of, 492
Propaganda Committee of, 496
Propaganda Department of, 349, 405–6, 495, 502, 505
Provisional Bureau of, 187, 190, 191
Provisional Politburo of, 194, 197, 205–6, 217, 255, 256, 258, 259, 262, 263, 264, 266, 584
Publication and Literature Distribution Department of, 181
radical change to, 534
Red Army and, 190, 210, 222, 223, 226–32, 239–40, 241, 243–44
Red Guard resolution in, 511
Red Guards and, 513, 514, 522
relocation to Yan'an by, 304–5
resolution on cooperatives adopted by, 416–17
right column supported by, 287
Rural Work Department of, 415, 416, 417, 418, 484
Russian domination of, 185
Second Plenum of the Seventh, 341, 358
Second Plenum of the Tenth, 567
Second Session of the First Plenum of, 342
secret section of, 247
Secretariat of, 273, 333, 335, 336, 342, 391, 393, 436, 509, 585
Seventh Enlarged Plenum of, 340
Shanghai Bureau of, 448
Sixth Enlarged Plenum of, 324, 326n, 419
South Hunan Committee of, 194
South Hunan Military Department of, 206
Special Hunan Provincial Committee, 210
Special Work Committee of, 247, 250
Special Xiang District Committee, 120–21
Stalin's mistrust of, 394
Standing Committee of, 28, 235, 286
Standing Committee of the bureau for the soviet areas, 244
struggle against Japan supported by, 291
students and teachers at plenum of, 507–8
technical secretariat of, 191, 267–68
Third Enlarged Plenum of, 442, 450
United Front Department of, 402
Working Committee of, 350
Central Committee Special Sector, 311
Central Cultural Revolution Group, 498–502, 509, 514, 522–27, 529–30, 534, 549
Jiang as head of, 516, 547
Shanghai branch of, 500
Central Europe, communist parties in, 7
Central Executive Committee (CEC), CSR, 251, 255–56, 260, 271, 273, 275, 294, 584
Central Executive Committee (CEC), Guomindang, 134, 142–44, 153–54, 156, 163, 312
CCP proposal to cooperate against Japan with, 296–97
Chiang's anti-leftist speech to, 155–56
Land Committee of, 178, 179
Mao's medical leave from, 140
Mao's return to, 148
Organizational Department of, 156, 583
Peasant Department of, 152, 156, 159
on peasant question, 164–65
Political Council of, 161, 301
Propaganda Department of, 140, 143, 148, 153, 156, 158, 162, 180, 583
Standing Committee of the, 153, 155, 177–78, 301
Third Plenum of the, 176–77
Workers' Department of, 144
Central Peasant Training Institute, 177, 182
Central People's Government Council of the PRC, 391, 543
Central Red Army, 278, 281, 283, 284
Central Revolutionary Military Council (CRMC), 237–38, 244, 251, 256, 275, 281, 285, 290
General Political Administration of, 256, 258
Central Soviet Area (CSA), 244, 251, 255, 256, 257, 263, 266, 268, 272, 277, 285, 290, 584
dismissal of Mao's relatives from positions in, 267
Long March from, 273–74, 283, 288
retreat from, 278–79
centralized planning, 366
Chairman Mao Memorial Hall, 574, 575
Chang Jung, 5
Chang'an, 497
Changchun, 257
Changde, 79
Changsha, 1, 11, 30, 31–33, 36–37, 39, 45, 47, 48, 52, 56, 65, 74, 77, 78, 80, 88, 90, 91, 114, 132, 140, 141, 159, 163, 176, 183, 190, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 208, 252, 327, 336, 431, 495, 550, 566, 567, 584
anti-imperialism in, 145
communism in, 100, 101, 102, 108, 123, 166–67, 186
Guomindang destruction of Hunan party committee in, 206
Guomindang organizing in, 128–29, 167, 186
insurrection in, 19
Mao in, 68, 71, 166–67, 172, 174
Mao's organizing in, 95–96, 98–99, 110, 112, 120, 122, 583
NRA attack on, 182
Red Army seizure of, 231, 234
strikes in, 108
Xu's coup in, 182, 185, 194
Changsha-Wuchang railroad, 120
Changxingdian railroad station, 123
Chao Chao, Tanya, see Li Min
Chen, “bloodsucker,” 145
Chen Bilan, 147
Chen Boda, ix, 331, 351, 368, 427, 454, 484, 495, 499, 547, 548, 549
in Cultural Revolution, 501, 505, 508, 509, 514, 523, 524–26, 532, 535
imprisonment of, 576
loyalty of, 487
mass media controlled by, 544
Chen Changhao, 333–34
Chen Congying (Zheng Song), 321
Chen Duxiu (T. S. Chen; Tu-siu Chen; the Old Man), ix, 72, 82, 83, 88, 89–90, 91–93, 95–96, 100–102, 103, 106, 121–22, 123, 124, 128, 129, 134, 135, 140, 146–48, 162, 163, 180, 182, 183, 193, 194, 340
arrest of, 73
Borodin supported by, 179
on Chiang's coup, 155–56
conversion to communism of, 81
departure from Peking University of, 79
on Guomindang alliance, 107–8, 111–12, 113–16, 119–20, 123–24, 133, 137–39
as hampered by Comintern, 185, 187
Mao's opposition to cautious policies of, 191
October directive followed by, 165–66
at Peking University, 59–60, 63–65
retirement from power of, 187, 191
Right opportunism of, 325
Chen Fen, 592
Chen Gongbo, 66, 105–6
Chen Guang, 334
Chen Jiongming, 100–101, 107, 115, 120, 125
Chen Shaoyu, see Wang Ming
Chen Tianhua, 27
Chen Wangdao, 81, 91
Chen Yannian, 162, 187
Chen Yi, ix, 225, 226, 334, 374, 542–43
death of, 554, 555
opposition to Red Guards by, 522–23, 524–26, 534–35
Soviets criticized by, 468–69
Chen Yu (Polevoi), 6, 248
Chen Yuandao, 235
Chen Yun (Liao Chenyun), x, 266, 281, 291, 316, 318, 405, 411, 426, 435–36, 464, 476, 509n
on Great Leap Forward, 478, 479, 482–84, 485
as moderate, 396–97, 430, 434, 438
Chen Zaidao, x, 528–29
Chen Zuoxin, 33–34
Chenbao (Morning news), 134
Cheng Qian, 176–77
Chengdu, 54, 337, 522
Guomindang government in, 352
Chervonenko, Stepan, 540
Chiang Ching-kuo (Nikolai Vladimirovich Elizarov), 181, 312
Chiang Kai-shek, x, 151, 163, 176, 183, 312, 332, 337, 343, 375n, 388, 462, 479, 498, 559, 565, 571, 583, 585
arrest of, 298–304, 528
assassination attempt against, 247
attack on Jiangxi by, 240
broad attack launched by, 348
Canton coup of, 154–55, 158
CCP opposed by, 294, 297, 298, 350–54, 377, 584
in clashes between NRA and worker-peasant forces, 178
as commandant of Guomindang Army, 138
as commander of NRA First Corps, 144
conflict with Guomindang left by, 176–77
counterrevolution of, 180–81
death of, 302
defeat of, 352, 358
domestic policies of, 352
Japanese invasion of Manchuria not contested by, 257
Mao opposed by, 2, 243, 249, 291, 313
Mao's and Stalin's negotiations with, 346–47
military successes of, 143, 152–53
on mission to USSR, 127, 154
National government established in Nanjing by, 179
Northern Expedition and, 158–60, 216
opposition to, 159, 164–65
power consolidated by, 216
power struggle between Tang and, 175
Provisional Central Political Council founded by, 166
Red Army fought by, 245–46, 268, 272, 276, 296, 297–98
rightward evolution of, 154–55, 158, 164
shortsighted USSR policy of, 347
Soviet aid to, 312, 315
Soviet nonaggression treaty of, 313
Stalin's insistence that CCP work with, 296–97
in Taiwan, 460
united front policy and, 296–97, 312–15, 317, 321
Voitinsky's talks with, 166
Zhang's forces attacked by, 285
Chicherin, Georgy, 127
Chief Medical Administration, 273
children, 209
China:
in 19th century, xx–xxi
ancient, 27, 497
anti-foreign sentiments in, 32
anti-Japanese feelings in, 290–91
antimonarchical revolution in, 32–33
archives in, 4
civil society absent in, 23
civil war in, 346–59, 377, 378, 388, 391–92, 527, 544, 585
class structure of, 151–52
despotic monarchy in, 30
dialects in, 28–29
divided territory of, 345
eastern, 351
economic modernization of, 354
economy of, 24, 34, 59, 202, 229, 352, 372, 407, 412, 422, 574
federalism for, 87–88
India's border conflict with, 467–68
industrialization and modernization of, 22
infancy traditions in, 12–13
inflation in, 352
liberalism in, 35–36
liberation movement in, 331
literature of, 19–20
under Mao, xxiv–xxv
as militarized, 186–87
military power in, 80, 112
modernization of, 358
national debt of, 25
National Government of, 2
national revival in, 37
nationalism in, 104, 401
nationalist revolution in, 144
North, 24, 287, 347
Northeast, 346, 347, 372, 470, 472, 538
patriarchal society in, 122
patriotism in, 290–91
peasant revolution in, 3
personal connections important in, 89
polygamy in, 209
population of, 428
poverty in, 132
power in, 83
public executions in, 19
puritanical social norms in, 309
reform movements in, 23, 25, 27, 29, 32, 33, 50, 52, 98, 393
revolutionary organizations in, 24
semicolonial economic dependency in, 22, 25, 43, 216, 232, 331, 574
South, 11, 22, 100–101, 107, 114, 120, 128, 131, 132, 154
sovereignty of, 458
split between communist parties in Soviet Union and, 3, 7
tariffs of, 22
traditional cultural values of, 8
traditional laws in, 202
transformation of, 98–99
unification of, 160, 574
united front policy for, see united front policy
war industry in, 316
see also People's Republic of China (PRC); Republic of China
China Revival Society (Xingzhonghui), 23–24
Chinese Anarchist Group, Paris, 53
Chinese Changchun Railroad, 372
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 39, 53, 63, 110, 111, 142, 167, 181, 203, 210, 283, 285, 292, 327, 388, 399, 406, 440, 473, 519, 527, 536, 539, 541, 573, 575
adventurist policies of, 205, 233
All-China Conference of, 405
anti-Japanese stance of, 290–91
autonomy and self-reliance of, 2
base areas established behind Japanese lines by, 331
Beijing name restored by, 359
“bourgeois degeneration” in, 491
cadres in, 325
canonical history of, 325–26, 335–36, 339, 340, 342
Central Bureau of, 106, 112, 113, 162, 165, 174, 180, 270
Central Committee of, see Central Committee of CCP
Central Executive Committee of (CEC), 106, 114, 115, 116, 119, 121, 124, 126, 128, 136–37, 139, 140, 146–47, 148, 158, 162, 167, 174, 176, 178, 179
on Chiang's arrest, 299–300
children of leaders in, 209
Committee on the Peasant Movement of, 161–63, 181
defeat of, 183, 185–86
deteriorating situation in, 181–83
dictatorship of, 427, 441, 444
distancing from USSR by, 319–21
Eighth Congress of, 432, 435, 440, 450, 456, 534, 586
emancipation of consciousness in, 428
establishment of, 37, 66
European branch of, 29, 134, 138, 140
execution of Northern Bureau leaders in, 182
Executive Committee Plenum of, 129
false self-accusations by members of, 407
Fifth Congress of, 177, 179–80, 583
Fifth Plenum of, 325
financial dependence on Moscow by, 6, 116, 135–36
First Congress of, 50, 100–106, 108, 113, 583
founders of, 18, 276
Fourth Congress of, 139–40, 180
free love and conflicts within, 146–47
Guomindang alliance and, see united front policy
at Guomindang conference, 133–34
Guomindang conflict with, 302, 347–48
Hunan committee of, 112
ideological foundations of, 441
intraparty conflicts in, 209, 267, 285, 319, 321–24, 332–42, 480–83, 541–42
Japan opposed by, 294
Kremlin policy for, 148–49
leaders of, 289
left opportunism and, 325, 335, 357, 415, 526
Mao as main leader of, 322–26
Mao criticized by, 217–19
Mao on militarization and, 196–97
Mao Zedong as ideological foundation of, 340–42
Mao's advocacy of a military force for, 186–87
Mao's control over, 330
Mao's desire to radicalize policy of, 181–83
Mao's provocation within, 481
Mao's rise to power in, 7, 211, 218
Mao's speeches to, 36–37
membership of, 122–23, 129, 180, 205, 217
Nanchang Uprising sponsored by, 189–90
as nationalist force, 260
need to win masses over to, 217
new party constitution of, 340–41, 342, 564
Ninth Congress of, 534, 562
Ninth Party Congress of, 542
Organizational Department of, 124
Party Statutes of, 492
peasants and, 164, 417, 420, 421
political changes in, 112–14
and position of USSR in world arena, 343
principles of, 102–3, 106
proletarian resistance to, 422
purge of, 335–40, 585
putschism condemned by, 217–18, 228, 340
radio link reestablished with Moscow by, 296
rectification campaign for, 438
rewards for leaders of, 272
right opportunism in, 314, 325, 415, 465
rumors of Mao's expulsion from, 207
rupture between Guomindang and, 183, 185–90
Second Congress of, 114–16, 122
secret archives of, 4
self-criticism in, 481–82
Seventh Congress of, 316n, 323, 333–34, 337, 340–42, 394n, 585
shaming as tactic of, 227
Shanghai Bureau of, 417–18
Sixth Congress of, 193, 217–20, 584
Soviet control over, 155–56, 163, 178, 185, 187–88, 194, 197, 205, 318; see also Communist International, CCP dominated by
Soviet funding of, 151, 188–89, 228, 248, 293, 296, 311, 334, 346
Soviet Union seen as not influencing, 344–45
special commission on the Futian Incident of, 244
Special Xiang District Committee of, 112
Stalinization of, 47, 323–24, 356
struggle against Guomindang by, 260
tensions in, 163
Tenth Congress of, 562, 564
Third Congress of, 122–25, 132, 134, 583
transformation of Chinese society by, 422
united front policy of, 114–16, 119, 294–304, 311–21, 322–23, 328, 332
unofficial Moscow visit by delegation from, 356
uprisings policy of, 217–18
victory of, 352–53, 359
withdrawal from Guomindang of, 204
Zhang Xueliang and, 296
zhengfeng movement in, 406
“Chinese Communist Party and China's Path to Liberation, The” (Wang Jiaxiang), 341
Chinese Communist Youth League, 136–37, 142, 181, 191, 218–19, 235, 241, 263, 279, 345
Archives of, 4
Central Committee of, 228, 485
in Hunan, 171
Soviet funding of, 248
see also Socialist Youth League
Chinese Eastern Railroad, 346
Chinese Mint, 69
Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), 348, 465, 471, 532, 534, 538, 542, 550, 553
Air Force of, 546, 548, 549
in continuing civil war, 392
Cultural Revolution and, 502, 532
Deng and, 565
fervor of, 352
Fourth Field Army of, 543
General Political Administration of, 511
Korean War and, 378, 387
lack of technology and arms of, 351
Mao Zedong Thought in, 488
order restored by, 532, 535, 586
purge of former Guomindang officers in, 392
Red Guards and Rebels supported by, 511, 521, 522, 524
in revolutionary committees, 531
rightist officers in, 528, 529
size of, 350, 351
Tibet captured by, 396n
Chinese People's Political Consultative Council (CPPCC), 395
All-China Committee of, 396, 404
Chinese People's Volunteer Army (CPVA), 382–87
Mao Anying's death in, 387–89
“Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Community Party” (Mao et. al), 331
Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Zhongguo geming tongmenghui), see Revolutionary Alliance
Chinese Revolutionary Military Council, 237n, 336
Chinese Revolutionary Party, 333
Chinese Society for Frugal Study in France, 53–54
Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR), 251, 271, 273
Central Executive Committee of, see Central Executive Committee
Chiang's plan to exterminate, 272
constitutional program of, 252
Council of People's Commissars of, see Council of People's Commissars
Northwest Office of the Central Government of, 290, 313
Party control of, 256
struggle against Japan supported by, 291
war declared on Japan by, 260
Chinese Worker-Peasant Revolutionary Army, 584
General Political Administration of, 258
Chinese Worker-Peasant Revolutionary Council, 237n
Chongqing, 54, 452
Guomindang government in, 330–31, 346
U.S. embassy in, 344
Christianity:
Boxer Rebellion and, 24
Taiping Rebellion and, 22
Chronicle of the Shaoshan Mao Clan, 27
Chu, kingdom of, 408
Ci Xi, Empress Dowager of China, 12, 22–25
CIA, 474, 556, 557
Ciano, Count, 295
Ciping, 202, 208, 211
civil aviation, 372
clans:
Mao, 5, 11–12, 13, 141
in rural villages, 168–70
wealthy, 169
class:
abolition of, 103
Mao's theorizing of, 168, 294
in rural China, 168
class enemies, 227, 253, 408
moderates as, 485
in party organization, 491
class morality, 41
class struggle, 41, 95, 105, 243, 258, 291, 320, 492, 527
in education, 496, 501
under socialism, 500–501
Class Struggle (Kautsky), 81
class warfare, 555
coal, 407, 456
Cold War, 348, 354
collective leadership, 424, 432
collectivization, 454
agricultural, 320, 391, 413, 438, 488–89
as belief of ordinary communists, 420
dissatisfaction with, 421
excessive, 478
pace of, 416
and people's communes, see people's communes
of personal property, 477
Soviet, 419, 421, 485
Comintern International Organization for Aid to Revolutionary Fighters, 250
commerce, socialization of, 403, 585
commodities, 430
Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Council, 395, 407
communism, 38, 81, 99, 352–53, 556
barracks, 8, 554
beginnings of true, 454–55, 477
in China, 89, 92–93, 366, 583
Chinese national, 448
elite of, 392
growth of, 94
hypocrisy and, 166
intellectuals in rejection of, 441–42
liberal, 435, 436
Mao's conversion to, 77, 81–84, 87–88
nationalist, 374
radical vs. moderate, 99
revolutionary allure of, 105
in Russia, 83
Russian, 95, 104
Soviet, 88
war, 456
world, 88–89, 444
Communist Academy, 317
Communist Information Bureau (Cominform), 4
Communist International (Comintern), 93, 153, 160, 183, 191, 194, 195, 248, 269, 270, 316, 388, 427, 446, 473
agents of, 5
agrarian policy of, 223
anticolonial revolution and, 104
anti-Japanese sentiment supported by, 291
attempt to contact by Long Marchers, 287
battle with Trotskyism in, 140
Bukharin's dismissal from, 223
CCP delegation to, 292, 293, 323
CCP dominated by, 116, 121, 125–26, 133–38, 140, 163, 171, 175, 179, 185, 187–89, 217–19, 223, 228–29, 233–37, 243–44, 248, 258–59, 261, 301–4, 318, 323, 332–35, 585
Chiang and, 127
Chiang's arrest and, 300–304
and Chinese communism, 88–89
Chinese loyalists to, 249
Congress of the Peoples of the Far East sponsored by, 113
CP dominated by, 266
critiques of Mao by, 205
emissaries of, 266
Executive Committee (ECCI) of, see Executive Committee of the Comintern
First Congress of the, 81
Fourth World Congress of, 119, 134
funding by, 247–48
German-Japanese pact against, 301
Guomindang alliance supported by, 107–8, 111–16, 119, 138
Guomindang and, 151, 153–54, 175
internationalism supported by, 104
on Manchurian invasion, 258
Mao supported by, 7, 236–37, 265–66
Mao's cult of personality initiated by, 291–93
New Epoch funded by, 105
Politburo of, 294
Presidium of, 322
radicalization of policy of, 227–29
reliance on masses not military by, 192
representatives to CCP from, 100–106, 107–8
rightist danger feared by, 258
Second Congress of, 100, 103, 104
secret archives of, 4
Seventh Congress of, 7, 291–93
Sixth Congress of, 154, 265
Smedley and, 306
Stalin's control of, 6–7
Stalin's dissolution of, 332
Stalin's plans for show trial for, 426
united front policy of, 294
Youth, 219
Zhang Guotao thought well of in, 284
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 60, 81–82, 91, 95
Communist Party, German, 265
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 4, 304, 332, 334, 367, 388, 401, 438, 460, 536
Central Committee of, 356, 408, 409, 435, 436, 444, 458, 536, 542
China's alienation from, 486, 586
and Chinese response to Eastern European crisis, 436
Department of Socialist Countries of the Central Committee of, 538
Khrushchev's leadership of, 408, 409
Khrushchev's ouster and, 489
Nineteenth Congress of, 391
Presidium of Central Committee of, 436–37, 444, 537
purges of, 335
Twentieth Congress of, 424–27, 437
Communist Party of the USA (CPUSA), 306
Communist University of the Toilers of China (KUTK), 228, 234, 235–36, 284
Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV), 123, 134n, 146–47, 149, 191, 210, 336
Communist Youth International, 136
communists, popularity of, 453
Confucianism, 14–15, 21, 31, 32, 52, 55, 59, 77, 330, 393, 456, 514, 563
opposition to, 59
Confucius, 14–15, 20, 84, 304, 327, 405, 431, 491, 513, 557
Lin Biao's interest in, 562–63, 567
Congress of the Peoples of the Far East, 113, 114
Constitution of 1912, 332
Constitution of the People's Republic of China, 407–8, 492, 546, 585
constitutional monarchy, 21, 23, 29–30, 34, 39
consumer goods, state control of, 414, 421
Contemporary Socialism (Shinzō), 60
cooperatives:
higher-stage (“socialist”), 420, 477
large, see people's communes
lower-level agricultural producers', 412, 415
moderates on, 415, 417, 418
nonviable, 415–16, 417, 418, 419
peasant resistance to, 417, 418
cooperativization:
of agriculture, 391, 396, 412, 415–21
tempo of, 416–20, 425
cotton, 407
state monopoly on, 414
Council of Ministers of the USSR, 368, 408
Council of People's Commissars, 251, 252, 255–56, 260, 270, 271, 273, 275, 584
counterrevolutionaries, 392, 393, 406–7, 408, 443, 485, 506, 512, 530, 551, 560, 567, 570, 587
Liu as, 534
Cressy-Marcks, Violet, 320
Crimea, 355
“Critique of Socialism, A” (Chen Duxiu), 95
Critique of the Gotha Programme, The (Marx), 81, 95
Cuba, 474
cult of personality, 432, 434–35
commercialization of Mao's, 574
Khrushchev's lack of, 489
of Lei Feng, 488
of Mao, 291–93, 323, 332, 335–36, 340, 350–51, 355, 366, 420, 466, 493, 584
of Stalin, 424–25, 466, 489, 536
in the USSR, 427
Cultural Book Society, 90, 98
Cultural Revolution, 7–8, 366, 507–38, 540, 542, 545, 547–48, 562, 564, 568–69, 571, 574, 575, 577, 586
critics of, 522–23
extension of time for, 512
initial three-year plan for, 500
Mao's change of heart on, 529–33
origins of, 493–501
rehabilitation of party veterans after, 553–54, 560
student activists in, 500–503, 506, 507–8; see also Red Guards
suicide epidemic in, 521
“To rebel is justified” as slogan of, 516
trial of leaders of, 576
Czechoslovakia, 356, 375, 383, 401, 436, 538
Dabie, 350
Dadu River, 283
Dagong bao (Justice), 62, 74, 77, 111
Daheito, 59
Dalai Lama, 467
Dalian, 121, 389
Soviet control of, 346, 372, 392
Dalin, Sergei, 126, 131, 136–37
Damansky (Zhenbao) Island, 535–39, 586
Daoism, 13, 18, 490
Darwin, Charles, 36, 90
dazibao, 517, 569
Mao's, 508, 511, 586
Nie's, 501–2, 516, 532
Wang's, 515
de Gaulle, Charles, 536
death sentences:
in agrarian reform, 392
for bourgeoisie, 393
December Ninth Movement of 1935, 290, 297, 299
“Declaration of the Citizens of Beijing” (Chen), 73
defense industry, 411
Defense Ministry, Soviet, 458
Dekanozov, Vladimir, 337
Deliusin, Lev Petrovich, 439
democracy, 24, 36, 52, 64, 73, 77, 101, 114, 120, 455, 475
advocated by CCP, 319–21
bourgeois, 104, 217
Chinese traditions of, 331–32
ECCI's promotion of, 303–4
in Hungary, 435–37
liberal, 321, 583
Mao's dismissal of, 455
New, see New Democracy
popular, 332, 358
social, 99, 321
Sun's three-step transition to, 216
transition to socialism from, 315
types of, 103
Western, 331
democratic parties, 440, 441
democratic revolution, 313, 358
Deng Fa (Fang Ling), 333, 426
Mao opposed by, 263–64
Deng Pei, 113
Deng Pufang, 521
Deng Rong (Maomao), 521
Deng Tuo, 496
Deng Xiaoping (Deng Xixian; Deng Xiansheng), x, 5, 191, 334, 397, 405, 416, 424, 433, 435–36, 443, 478, 540, 566, 570
character of, 268–69
disgrace of, 502–3, 505–6, 508–9, 514, 517, 520–21, 525
failed campaign against, 569–70
as first deputy premier, 566–67
Gang of Four's opposition to, 568–70
on Great Leap, 450, 480, 483–85
Mao's protection of, 521, 530, 534
as moderate, 417, 430
rehabilitation of, 530, 561, 563, 565
return to power of, 574–75
rise to power of, 566–67
seen by Mao as enemy, 489, 492–93
Tiananmen Square incident and, 576
at UN, 566
Deng Xixian, see Deng Xiaoping
Deng Yingchao, 304, 330, 333n, 334
Deng Zhongxia (Deng Kang), x, 6, 62–63, 71, 80–81, 82, 144, 219n
on Provisional Politburo, 193
Deng Zihui, x, 415, 417, 418, 420, 484–85, 535
Deriabin, Petr, 395
Descartes, René, 41
despotic monarchy, 29–30
Dewey, John, 84
dialectical materialism, 318, 326n
Diaoyutai, 505
dictatorships, 319
ideological foundation for, 324–26
Diligent Work and Frugal Study movement, 109
Dimitrov, Georgii (G. M.), x, 291–92, 300–303, 311, 315–16, 317, 322–23, 333, 426, 585
attempt to protect Wang Ming by, 335, 337–40
Dimitrova, Roza, 340
Ding Ling, 308, 310
Dismissal of Hai Rui from Office (Wu Han), 491–96, 586
Dixie Mission, 344
doctors' plot, 406–7
Doll's House, A (Ibsen), 328, 487
Dong Biwu, 267, 281n, 426, 546
Dong Jianwu (Pastor Wang), 250–51
Donggu, 239, 242, 243, 267
Donghu Guest House, 495, 503, 528
Dongshan Higher Primary School, 28–30, 35
Dongshan Hospital, 145
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 555
Dream of the Red Chamber (Cao Xueqin), 59, 406
Dutch East Indies, 100
East Asia, 556
East Lake, 503
Eastern Europe:
Chinese grain exported to, 452
communist parties in, 7
crisis in socialism in, 435–39, 444, 500, 539
people's democracies in, 358
economics:
Jiang Qing's ignorance of, 523
Mao's lack of understanding of, 449, 464, 515
economy, market, 413, 414, 421, 574
education, 98
class struggle in, 496, 501
European, 54
in Japan, 63
Mao's, 15, 21, 26, 27, 28–30, 32–46, 48, 52, 62
for the poor, 453
revolution and, 53
socialist, 488
work teams and, 507–8, 510
egalitarianism, 105, 212, 476
Egypt, 149
Ehrenburg, Georgii Borisovich, x, 271
Eighth Route Army, 313–14, 316, 321, 334, 347, 543n
Eisenhower, Dwight, 460–61, 467, 468, 473
Eisler, Gerhard, 234
Elder Brother Society, 19, 34, 171, 210
electricity:
generating stations for, 401, 411
shortages of, 423
“Energy of the Mind, The” (Mao), 42
Engels, Friedrich, x, 60–61, 81, 95, 325, 335, 466, 473
England, 36, 68, 126, 383
coal production in, 456
constitutional monarchy in, 30
in Opium Wars, 22, 58
steel production in, 456
see also Great Britain
Enlightenment, New Culture Movement and, 59
entrepreneurship, private, 393, 397
Europe, 566
communist organizations in, 88
political ideas from, 36
Ewert, Arthur Ernst (Arthur; Harry Berger; Jim), x, 265–66, 269–71, 272–73
Executive Committee of the Comintern (ECCI), 4, 88, 100, 113, 115–16, 119, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 146, 179, 205, 218, 219n, 264, 284, 291, 292–93, 311, 543n
anti-kulak policy of, 239
on Bo-Mao rivalry, 270–71
CCP delegation to, 315–16
CCP representation on, 248, 333n
CCP's ties to, 304
Central Committee criticized by, 233–34, 236
Eighth Plenum of, 175
Eleventh Plenum of, 258–59
Far Eastern Bureau of, 162, 163, 167, 206, 234–35, 237, 246–48, 266–67, 268, 269, 275
Far Eastern Secretariat of, 100, 115, 234, 265, 269–70
Fifth Enlarged Plenum of, 149
on Guomindang alliance, 134, 137, 138, 149–51, 153–54
International Liaison Department of, 206–7, 228, 247–48
lack of radio contact with, 275
Mao supported by, 261–62, 264, 265–66, 322–23, 327, 585
Ninth Enlarged Plenum of, 217–20
organizational recommendations by, 333–35
Personnel Department of, 333–34, 426
Political Commission of the Political Secretariat of, 261, 271, 273, 293
political journal of, 174
Political Secretariat of, 223, 266
Presidium of, 322
Secretariat of, 296, 303, 446n
Seventh Enlarged Plenum of, 175
Shaanxi-Gansu brigade and, 287
Shanghai favored by, 194
show trials planned against, 426
Sixth Enlarged Plenum of the, 147, 150, 153, 154
Tenth Plenum of, 227–28
on Xi'an Incident, 301
Fairbank, John King, 3
Fang Ruilin, 133
Fang Weixia, 39
Fang Zhimin, 177, 293
Far East, 537
fascism, 291, 295, 387
February Oppositionists, 528, 531, 534, 535
Fedorenko, Nikolai, 371
Feng Guifen, 27
Feng Xi, see Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich
Feng Yuxiang, 143, 159, 183, 358
Feng Ziyou, 133
Fenghuangshan (Mount Phoenix), 305–6
Filippov, see Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich
Financial-Economic Commission, PRC, 391
Finland, 428, 440
First All-China Congress of Soviets, 251–52, 255, 584
First Bandit Suppression Campaign, 240–45
First Peasant Congress of Hunan, 166
First Silk Factory, 109
Five-Member Cultural Revolution Group, 493, 495–98
Five-Year Plan, First Chinese, 390–91, 409, 411–13, 416–19
Five-Year Plan, First Soviet, 391
Five-Year Plan, Second Chinese, 430, 456
Five-Year Plan, Third Chinese, 531
Foreign Affairs, 2
Foreign Affairs Ministry, Soviet, 368, 467
Protocol Division of, 367
Fori River, 283
Forman, Harrison, 343
Formosa, 27
four big freedoms, 397
Four Olds, 510, 531
Four Pests, 451–52
Fragrant Hills, 363
France, 29, 36, 68, 131–32, 210, 295, 454
China's 1885 war with, 23
Chinese laborers in, 54
in Indochina, 376
in Second Opium War, 22, 58
in Shanghai, 86
on UN Security Council, 375n
Wang Jingwei in, 165
work-study visits to, 47, 53–55, 64–66, 71, 92, 93, 109, 115, 138
free love, 77, 146, 147, 307
free trade, 22, 358
freedom of speech, 406, 492
in Hundred Flowers campaign, 440–41
Freier, Boris (Bu Lici), 167
Fu Daqing, 134n
Fu Liangzuo, 45, 49
Fu Sinian, 66
Fu Zuoyi, 352, 392
fuel industry, 411
Fujian province, 88, 168, 203, 215, 220, 221, 224, 225, 227, 230, 231, 240, 245, 246, 251, 261, 293, 388, 584
famine in, 471
soviet in, 230
Futian, 241, 242, 243
Futian Incident, 239–45, 584
Gang of Four, 565–71
Ganjiang River, 233, 241, 243, 245
Gansu province, 285, 287, 290, 313, 319, 321
famine in, 461, 471, 475
Ganxian, 260
Ganzhou:
plan to attack, 257, 259, 263
siege of, 259, 260
Gao Gang, x, 6, 334, 585
in Korean War, 383–84, 386
moderates accused of right deviation by, 393–95, 397–98
purge and suicide of, 404–6, 408
Gao Gang–Rao Shushi Affair, 404–6, 585
Gao Junyu, 115
Gao Shuangcheng, 296
Gao Zili, 271
Garden of Abundant Reservoirs, 365
Gauss, Clarence, 344
Ge Jianhao (Ge Lanying), 65
Geming (Revolution), 152
General Trade Union Council, 144
Germany, 39, 70, 210, 295, 383, 436
Chiang's advisers from, 272
Chinese holdings of, 44, 68–69
communists from, 205, 265, 268
Germany, East, 7, 436
Germany, Nazi, 349, 425
Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan of, 301
USSR attacked by, 334
Germany, West, PRC recognized by, 560
Goering, Hermann, 295
Golden Mean, 15
Gomu ka, Wladys aw, 435, 436
Gong, Prince, 22
Gongchan (Common property), 223
Gongchandang (Communist), 93
Goodnow, Frank, 44
Gorbachev, B. N., 392