WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

哲学是什么？

Dear Sophie,

亲爱的苏菲：

Lots of people have hobbies. Some people collect old coins or foreign stamps, some do needlework, others spend most of their spare time on a particular sport. A lot of people enjoy reading. But reading tastes differ widely. Some people only read newspapers or comics, some like reading novels, while others prefer books on astronomy, wildlife, or technological discoveries.

人的嗜好各有不同。有些人搜集古钱或外国邮票刺绣，有些人则利用大部分的空间时间从事某种运动，另外许多人以阅读为乐，但阅读的品位人各不同。有些人只看报纸或漫画，有些人喜欢看小说，有些人则偏好某些特殊题材的书籍，如天文学、自然生物或科技新知等。 

If I happen to be interested in horses or precious stones, I cannot expect everyone else to share my enthusiasm. If I watch all the sports programs on TV with great pleasure, I must put up with the fact that other people find sports boring.

如果我自己对马或宝石有兴趣，我也不能期望别人都和我一样。如果我看电视体育节目看得津津有味，就必须忍受有些人认为体育节目很无聊的事实。 

Is there nothing that interests us all? Is there nothing that concerns everyone--no matter who they are or where they live in the world? Yes, dear Sophie, there are questions that certainly should interest everyone. They are precisely the questions this course is about.

可是，天底下是不是没有一件事是我们大家都感兴趣的呢？是不是没有一件事是每一个人都关切的--无论他们是谁或住在何处？是的，亲爱的苏菲，天底下当然有一些问题是每个人都有兴趣的。而这门课程正与这些问题有关。 

What is the most important thing in life? If we ask someone living on the edge of starvation, the answer is food. If we ask someone dying of cold, the answer is warmth. If we put the same question to someone who feels lonely and isolated, the answer will probably be the company of other people.

生命中最重要的事情是什么？如果我们问某一个正生活在饥饿边缘的人，他的答案一定是“食物”。如果我们问一个快要冻死的人，答案一定是“温暖”。如果我们拿同样的问题问一个寂寞孤独的人，那答案可能是“他人的陪伴”了。 

But when these basic needs have been satisfied--will there still be something that everybody needs? Philosophers think so. They believe that man cannot live by bread alone. Of course everyone needs food. And everyone needs love and care. But there is something else--apart from that--which everyone needs, and that is to figure out who we are and why we are here.

然而，当这些基本需求都获得满足后，是否还有些东西是每一个人都需要的呢？哲学家认为，答案是肯定的。他们相信人不能只靠面包过日子。当然，每一个人都需要食物，每一个人都需要爱与关怀。不过除了这些以外，还有一些东西是人人需要的，那就是：明白我们是谁、为何会在这里。 

Being interested in why we are here is not a "casual" interest like collecting stamps.

想知道我们为何会在这儿，并不像集邮一样是一种休闲式的兴趣。 

People who ask such questions are taking part in a debate that has gone on as long as man has lived on this planet. How the universe, the earth, and life came into being is a bigger and more important question than who won the most gold medals in the last Olympics.

那些对这类问题有兴趣的人所要探讨的，乃是自地球有人类以来，人们就辩论不休的问题：宇宙、地球与生命是如何产生的？这个问题比去年奥运会谁得到最多的金牌要更大，也更重要。 

The best way of approaching philosophy is to ask a few philosophical questions:

探讨哲学最好的方式就是问一些哲学性的问题，如：

How was the world created? Is there any will or meaning behind what happens? Is there a life after death? How can we answer these questions? And most important, how ought we to live? People have been asking these questions throughout the ages. We know of no culture which has not concerned itself with what man is and where the world came from.

这世界是如何创造出来的？其背后是否有某种意志或意义？人死后还有生命吗？我们如何能够解答这些问题呢？最重要的是，我们应该如何生活？千百年来，人们不断提出这些问题。据我们所知，没有一种文化不关心“人是谁”、“世界从何而来”这样的问题。 

Basically there are not many philosophical questions to ask. We have already asked some of the most important ones. But history presents us with many different answers to each question. So it is easier to ask philosophical questions than to answer them.

基本上，我们要问的哲学问题并不多。我们刚才已经提出了其中最重要的问题。然而，在历史上，人们对每一个问题提出了不同的答案。因此，提出哲学问题要比回答这些问题更容易。 

Today as well each individual has to discover his own answer to these same questions. You cannot find out whether there is a God or whether there is life after death by looking in an encyclopedia. Nor does the encyclopedia tell us how we ought to live. However, reading what other people have believed can help us formulate our own view of life.

即使是在今天，每个人仍然必须各自寻求他对这些问题的答案。你无法在百科全书查到有关“上帝是否存在？”与“人死后是否还有生命？”这些问题的答案。百科全书也不会告诉我们应该如何生活。不过，读一读别人的意见倒可以帮助我们建立自己对生命的看法。 

Philosophers' search for the truth resembles a detective story. Some think Andersen was the murderer, others think it was Nielsen or Jensen. The police are sometimes able to solve a real crime. But it is equally possible that they never get to the bottom of it, although there is a solution somewhere. So even if it is difficult to answer a question, there may be one--and only one--right answer. Either there is a kind of existence after death--or there is not.

哲学家追寻真理的过程很像是一部侦探小说。有人认为安单森是凶手，有人则认为尼尔森或詹生才是。遇到犯罪案件，警方有时可以侦破，但也很可能永远无法查出真相(虽然在某个地方一定有一个破案的办法)。因此，即使要回答一个问题很不容易，但无论如何总会有一个(且仅此一个)正确答案的。人死后要不就是透过某种形式存在，要不就是根本不再存在。 

A lot of age-old enigmas have now been explained by science. What the dark side of the moon looks like was once shrouded in mystery. It was not the kind of thing that could be solved by discussion, it was left to the imagination of the individual. But today we know exactly what the dark side of the moon looks like, and no one can "believe" any longer in the Man in the Moon, or that the moon is made of green cheese.

过去许多千百年的谜题如今都有了科学的解释。从前，月亮黑暗的那一面可说是神秘莫测。由于这不是那种可以借讨论来解决的问题，因此当时月亮的真实面目如何全凭个人想象。然而今天我们已经确知月亮黑暗的那一面是何模样。没有人会再“相信”嫦娥的存在或月亮是由绿色的乳酪做成等等说法了。 

A Greek philosopher who lived more than two thousand years ago believed that philosophy had its origin in man's sense of wonder. Man thought it was so astonishing to be alive that philosophical questions arose of their own accord.

两千多年前，一位古希腊哲学家认为，哲学之所以产生是因为人有好奇心的缘故。他相信，人对于活着这件事非常惊讶，因此自然而然就提出了一些哲学性的问题。 

It is like watching a magic trick. We cannot understand how it is done. So we ask: how can the magician change a couple of white silk scarves into a live rabbit?

这就像我们看人家变魔术一样。由于我们不明白其中的奥妙，于是便问道：“魔术师如何能将两三条白色的丝巾变成一只活生生的兔子呢？” 

A lot of people experience the world with the same incredulity as when a magician suddenly pulls a rabbit out of a hat which has just been shown to them empty.

许多人对于这世界的种种也同样有不可置信的感觉，就像我们看到魔术师突然从一顶原本空空如也的帽子里拉出一只兔子一般。

In the case of the rabbit, we know the magician has tricked us. What we would like to know is just how he did it. But when it comes to the world it's somewhat different. We know that the world is not all sleight of hand and deception because here we are in it, we are part of it.

关于突然变出兔子的事，我们知道这不过是魔术师耍的把戏罢了。我们只是想知道他如何办到而已。然而，谈到有关世界的事时，情况便有些不同了。我们知道这世界不全然是魔术师妙手一挥、掩人耳目的把戏，因为我们就生活在其中，我们是它的一部分。 

Actually, we are the white rabbit being pulled out of the hat. The only difference between us and the white rabbit is that the rabbit does not realize it is taking part in a magic trick. Unlike us. We feel we are part of something mysterious and we would like to know how it all works.

事实上，我们就是那只被人从帽子里拉出来的小白兔。我们与小白兔之间唯一的不同是：小白兔并不明白它本身参与了一场魔术表演。我们则相反。我们觉得自己是某种神秘事物的一部分，我们想了解其中的奥秘。 

P.S. As far as the white rabbit is concerned, it might be better to compare it with the whole universe. We who live here are microscopic insects existing deep down in the rabbit's fur. But philosophers are always trying to climb up the fine hairs of the fur in order to stare right into the magician's eyes.

P．S；关于小白兔，最好将它比做整个宇宙，而我们人类则是寄居在兔子毛皮深处的微生虫。不过哲学家总是试图沿着兔子的细毛往上爬，以便将魔术师看个清楚。 

Are you still there, Sophie? To be continued . . .

苏菲，你还在看吗？未完待续……

A STRANGE CREATURE

奇怪的生物

Hello again! As you see, this short course in philosophy will come in handy-sized portions. Here are a few more introductory remarks:

嗨!苏菲，我们又见面了。诚如你所看见的，这门简短的哲学课程将会以一小段、一小段的形式出现。以下仍然是序言部分： 

Did I say that the only thing we require to be good philosophers is the faculty of wonder? If I did not, I say it now: THE ONLY THING WE REQUIRE TO BE GOOD PHILOSOPHERS IS THE FACULTY OF WONDER.

我是否曾经说过，成为一个优秀哲学家的唯一条件是要有好奇心？如果我未曾说过，那么我现在要说：成为一个优秀哲学家的唯一条件是要有好奇心。

Babies have this faculty. That is not surprising. After a few short months in the womb they slip out into a brand-new reality. But as they grow up the faculty of wonder seems to diminish. Why is this? Do you know?

婴儿有好奇心，这并不令人意外。在娘胎里短短几个月后，他们便掉进一个崭新的世界。不过当他们慢慢成长时，这种好奇心似乎也逐渐减少。为什么？你知道答案吗，苏菲？

If a newborn baby could talk, it would probably say something about what an extraordinary world it had come into. We see how it looks around and reaches out in curiosity to everything it sees.

让我们假设，如果一个初生的婴儿会说话，他可能会说他来到的世界是多么奇特。因为，尽管他不能说话，我们可以看到他如何左顾右盼并好奇地伸手想碰触他身边的每一样东西。 

As words are gradually acquired, the child looks up and says "Bow-wow" every time it sees a dog. It jumps up and down in its stroller, waving its arms: "Bow-wow! Bow-wow!" We who are older and wiser may feel somewhat exhausted by the child's enthusiasm. "All right, all right, it's a bow-wow," we say, unimpressed. "Please sit still." We are not enthralled. We have seen a dog before.

小孩子逐渐学会说话后，每一次看见狗，便会抬起头说：“汪!汪!”他会在学步车里跳上跳下，挥舞着双手说：“汪!汪!汪!汪!”我们这些年纪比较大、比较见多识广的人可能会觉得小孩子这种兴奋之情洋溢的样子很累人。我们会无动于衷地说：“对，对，这是汪汪。好了，坐着不要动。”看到狗，我们可不像小孩子那样着迷，因为我们早就看过了。 

This rapturous performance may repeat itself hundreds of times before the child learns to pass a dog without going crazy. Or an elephant, or a hippopotamus. But long before the child learns to talk properly--and Ion before it learns to think philosophically--the world we have become a habit.

小孩子这种行为会一再重复，可能要经过数百次之后，他才会在看到狗时不再兴奋异常。在他看到大象或河马时，也会发生同样的情况。远在孩童学会如何讲话得体、如何从事哲学性的思考前，他就早已经习惯这个世界了。 

A pity, if you ask me.

这是很可惜的一件事，如果你问我的看法的话。 

My concern is that you do not grow up to be one of those people who take the world for granted, Sophie dear. So just to make sure, we are going to do a couple of experiments in thought before we begin on the course itself.

亲爱的苏菲，我不希望你长大之后也会成为一个把这世界视为理所当然的人。为了确定起见，在这课程开始之前，我们将做两三个有关思想的测验。 

Imagine that one day you are out for a walk in the woods. Suddenly you see a small spaceship on the path in front of you. A tiny Martian climbs out of the spaceship and stands on the ground looking up at you . . .What would you think? Never mind, it's not important. But have you ever given any thought to the fact that you are a Martian yourself? It is obviously unlikely that you will ever stumble upon a creature from another planet. We do not even know that there is life on other planets. But you might stumble upon yourself one day. You might suddenly stop short and see yourself in a completely new light. On just such a walk in the woods.

请你想象，有一天你去树林里散步。突然间你看到前面的路上有一艘小小的太空船，有一个很小的火星人从船舱里爬出来，站在路上抬头看着你……你会怎么想？算了，这并不重要。但你是否曾经想过你自己也是个火星人？很明显的，你不太可能突然撞见一个来自其他星球的生物。我们甚至不知道其他星球是否也有生物存在。不过有一天你可能会突然发现自己。你可能会突然停下来，以一种完全不同的眼光来看自己，就在你在树林里散步的时候。 

I am an extraordinary being, you think. I am a mysterious creature.

你会想：“我是一个不同凡响的存在。我是一个神秘的生物。”

You feel as if you are waking from an enchanted slumber. Who am I? you ask. You know that you are stumbling around on a planet in the universe. But what is the universe? If you discover yourself in this manner you will have discovered something as mysterious as the Martian we just mentioned. You will not only have seen a being from outer space. You will feel deep down that you are yourself an extraordinary being.

你觉得自己好像刚从一个梦幻中醒来。我是谁？你问道。你知道自己正行走在宇宙的一个星球上。但宇宙又是什么？如果你像这样，突然意识到自己的存在，你会发现自己正像我们刚才提到的火星人那样神秘。你不仅看到一个从外太空来的生命，同时也会打内心深处觉得自己的存在是如此不凡响。

Do you follow me, Sophie? Let's do another experiment in thought:

如果你不介意的话，苏菲，现在就让我们来做另一个思想上的测验。 

One morning, Mom, Dad, and little Thomas, aged two or three, are having breakfast in the kitchen. After a while Mom gets up and goes over to the kitchen sink, and Dad--yes, Dad--flies up and floats around under the ceiling while Thomas sits watching. What do you think Thomas says? Perhaps he points up at his father and says: "Daddy's flying!" Thomas will certainly be astonished, but then he very often is.

有一天早上，爸、妈和小同正在厨房里吃早餐。过了一会儿，妈妈站起身来，走到水槽边。这时，爸爸飞了起来，在天花板下面飘浮。小同坐在那儿看着。你想小同会说什么？也许他会指着父亲说：“爸爸在飞。”小同当然会觉得吃惊，但是他经常有这样的经验。 

Dad does so many strange things that this business of a little flight over the breakfast table makes no difference to him. Every day Dad shaves with a funny machine, sometimes he climbs onto the roof and turns the TV aerial--or else he sticks his head under the hood of the car and comes up black in the face.

爸爸所做的奇妙的事太多了，因此这回他飞到早餐桌上方这件事对小同并没有什么特别，每天爸爸都用一个很滑稽的机器刮胡子，有时他会爬到屋顶上调整电视的天线。或者，他偶尔也会把头伸进汽车的引擎盖里，出来时脸都是黑的。

Now it's Mom's turn. She hears what Thomas says and turns around abruptly. How do you think she reacts to the sight of Dad floating nonchalantly over the kitchen table? She drops the jam jar on the floor and screams with fright. She may even need medical attention once Dad has returned respectably to his chair. (He should have learned better table manners by now!) Why do you think Thomas and his mother react so differently? It all has to do with habit. (Note this!) Mom has learned that people cannot fly. Thomas has not. He still isn't certain what you can and cannot do in this world.

好了，现在轮到妈妈了。她听到小同说的话，转身一瞧。你想她看到爸爸像没事人一般飘浮在餐桌的上方会有什么反应？她吓得把果酱罐子掉在地上，然后开始尖叫。等到爸爸好整以暇地回到座位上时，她可能已经需要急救了。(从现在起，爸爸可真是该注意一下自己的餐桌礼仪了!)为何小同和妈妈有如此不同的反应？你认为呢？这完全与习惯有关。(注意！)妈妈已经知道人是不能飞的，小周则不然。他仍然不确定在这个世界上人能做些什么或不能做些什么。 

But what about the world itself, Sophie? Do you think it can do what it does? The world is also floating in space.

然而，苏菲，这世界又是怎么回事呢？它也一样飘浮在太空中呀。你认为这可能吗？

Sadly it is not only the force of gravity we get used to as we grow up. The world itself becomes a habit in no time at all. It seems as if in the process of growing up we lose the ability to wonder about the world. And in doing so, we lose something central--something philosophers try to restore. For somewhere inside ourselves, something tells us that life is a huge mystery.

遗憾的是，当我们成长时，不仅习惯了有地心引力这回事，同时也很快地习惯了世上的一切。我们在成长的过程当中，似乎失去了对这世界的好奇心。也正因此，我们丧失了某种极为重要的能力(这也是一种哲学家们想要使人们恢复的能力)。因为，在我们内心的某处，有某个声音告诉我们：生命是一种很庞大的、神秘的存在。 

This is something we once experienced, long before we learned to think the thought.

这是我们在学会从事这样的思考前都曾经有过的体验。 

To be more precise: Although philosophical questions concern us all, we do not all become philosophers. For various reasons most people get so caught up in everyday affairs that their astonishment at the world gets pushed into the background. (They crawl deep into the rabbit's fur, snuggle down comfortably, and stay there for the rest of their lives.) To children, the world and everything in it is new, something that gives rise to astonishment. It is not like that for adults. Most adults accept the world as a matter of course.

更明白地说：尽管我们都想过哲学性的问题，却并不一定每个人都会成为哲学家。由于种种理由，大多数人都忙于日常生活的琐事，因此他们对于这世界的好奇心都受到压抑。(就像那些微生虫一般，爬进兔子的毛皮深处，在那儿怡然自得地待上一辈予，从此不再出来。)对于孩子们而言，世上的种种都是新鲜而令人惊奇的。对于大人们则不然。大多数成人都把这世界当成一种理所当然的存在。 

This is precisely where philosophers are a notable exception. A philosopher never gets quite used to the world. To him or her, the world continues to seem a bit unreasonable--bewildering, even enigmatic. Philosophers and small children thus have an important faculty in common. You might say that throughout his life a philosopher remains as thin-skinned as a child.

这正是哲学家们之所以与众不同的地方。哲学家从来不会过分习惯这个世界。对于他或她而言，这个世界一直都有一些不合理，甚至有些复杂难解、神秘莫测。这是哲学家与小孩子共同具有的一种重要能力。你可以说，哲学家终其一生都像个孩子一般敏感。 

So now you must choose, Sophie. Are you a child who has not yet become world-weary? Or are you a philosopher who will vow never to become so?

所以，苏菲，你现在必须做个选择。你是个还没有被世界磨掉好奇心的孩子？还是一个永远不会如此的哲学家？

If you just shake your head, not recognizing yourself as either a child or a philosopher, then you have gotten so used to the world that it no longer astonishes you. Watch out! You are on thin ice. And this is why you are receiving this course in philosophy, just in case. I will not allow you, of all people, to join the ranks of the apathetic and the indifferent. I want you to have an inquiring mind.

如果你只是摇摇头，不知道自己究竟是个孩子还是哲学家，那么你已经太过习惯这个世界，以至于不再对它感到惊讶了。果真如此，你得小心，因为你正处于一个危险的阶段，这也是为何你要上这门哲学课的原因。因为我们要以防万一。我不会听任你变得像其他人一样没有感觉、无动于衷。我希望你有一个好奇、充满求知欲的心灵。 

The whole course is free of charge, so you get no money back if you do not complete it. If you choose to break off the course you are free to do so. In that case you must leave a message for me in the mailbox. A live frog would be eminently suitable. Something green, at least, otherwise the mailman might get scared.

这门课程是不收费的，因此即使你没有上完也不能退费。如果你中途不想上了，也没关系，只要在信箱里放个东西做信号就可以了。最好是一只活青蛙，或至少是某种绿色的东西，以免让邮差吓一大跳。 

To summarize briefly: A white rabbit is pulled out of a top hat. Because it is an extremely large rabbit, the trick takes many billions of years. All mortals are born at the very tip of the rabbit's fine hairs, where they are in a position to wonder at the impossibility of the trick. But as they grow older they work themselves ever deeper into the fur. And there they stay. They become so comfortable they never risk crawling back up the fragile hairs again. Only philosophers embark on this perilous expedition to the outermost reaches of language and existence. Some of them fall off, but others cling on desperately and yell at the people nestling deep in the snug softness, stuffing themselves with delicious food and drink.

综合我上面所说的话，简而言之，这世界就像魔术师从他的帽子里拉出的一只白兔。只是这白兔的体积极其庞大，因此这场戏法要数十亿年才变得出来。所有的生物都出生于这只兔子的细毛顶端，他们刚开始对于这场令人不可置信的戏法都感到惊奇。然而当他们年纪愈长，也就愈深入兔子的毛皮，并且待了下来。他们在那儿觉得非常安适，因此不愿再冒险爬回脆弱的兔毛顶端。唯有哲学家才会踏上此一危险的旅程，迈向语言与存在所能达到的顶峰。其中有些人掉了下来，但也有些人死命攀住兔毛不放，并对那些窝在舒适柔软的兔毛的深处、尽情吃喝的人们大声吼叫。 

"Ladies and gentlemen," they yell, "we are floating in space!" But none of the people down there care.

他们喊：“各位先生女士们，我们正飘浮在太空中呢!”但下面的人可不管这些哲学家们在嚷些什么。 

"What a bunch of troublemakers!" they say. And they keep on chatting: Would you pass the butter, please? How much have our stocks risen today? What is the price of tomatoes? Have you heard that Princess Di is expecting again?

这些人只会说：“哇!真是一群捣蛋鬼！”然后又继续他们原先的谈话：请你把奶油递过来好吗？我们今天的股价涨了多少？番茄现在是什么价钱？你有没有听说黛安娜王妃又怀孕了？